蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性及防病应用潜力评估

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】评价蔬菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）对新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性，明确药剂对不同发育阶段菌核病菌的毒力效应以及氟吡菌酰胺防治蔬菜菌核病的作用方式和田间应用效果，以指导氟吡菌酰胺的科学使用。【方法】从山东省昌乐、寿光、青州、临朐和泰安等地的蔬菜产区采集173株来自黄瓜、番茄、茄子、西葫芦、芸豆、辣椒等6种作物上的田间菌核病发病组织，室内分离纯化后采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性；测定氟吡菌酰胺对病菌菌核产量、菌核形态和菌核菌丝型萌发的影响；采用离体茄子叶片接种试验确定氟吡菌酰胺防治菌核病的作用方式；最后通过两年田间药效试验进一步验证其实际应用效果。【结果】氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌丝生长具有较强的抑制活性，且对来自不同作物的173株菌核病菌的抑制中浓度（EC₅₀）差异不大，分布在0.02—0.30 μg·mL^-1，表明这些菌株可被用来分析蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性水平。EC₅₀频率分布图呈单峰偏正态曲线分布，变异系数较小，表明该地区的蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺均表现敏感。氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌核产量、菌核形态以及菌核菌丝型萌发具有较高的抑制活性。在氟吡菌酰胺1.6 μg·mL^-1处理浓度下，该药剂对3株来自不同作物的菌核病菌表现出相同的抑制趋势，其菌核的数量和干重均明显降低，形态明显变小，表明该药剂能够有效地减少菌核病菌的初侵染源数量，并降低其侵染活性；而经过连续3 d的观察，5 μg·mL^-1氟吡菌酰胺对3株病菌的菌核菌丝型萌发的抑制率均在95%以上，表明该药剂有能力抑制菌核病菌的这一侵染方式，从而保护作物茎基部免受菌丝侵染。离体叶片接种防治试验表明，氟吡菌酰胺具有保护作用与治疗作用，40 μg·mL^-1的保护效果为100.00%，治疗效果为88.81%，显著高于对照药剂多菌灵和菌核净的防治效果，但该药剂对菌核病的保护作用明显优于治疗作用，表明该药剂在田间使用时应在病害发病前或发病初期使用，从而获得较好的防治效果。2016和2017两年的田间药效试验中，氟吡菌酰胺200 g a.i./hm²处理对茄子菌核病的防治效果分别为90.30%和87.60%，显著高于氟吡菌酰胺其他施用剂量以及对照药剂菌核净600 g a.i./hm²、多菌灵1 150 g a.i./hm²的防治效果。【结论】新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌丝生长、菌核形成及萌发均具有较高的抑制活性，且在田间能够有效地控制菌核病发生，因此该药剂是防治菌核病的高效药剂，可作为现有防治药剂的补充。

关键词: 菌核病, 氟吡菌酰胺, 敏感性, 菌核, 防治效果

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to fluopyram, a new succinic dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), determine the virulence of fluopyram against S. sclerotiorum at different developmental stages, and the action mode and efficacy of fluopyram in managing Sclerotinia stem rot, and to guide the scientific application of fluopyram. 【Method】 A total of 173 S. sclerotiorum isolates were collected from 6 vegetables (including cucumber, tomato, eggplant, pumpkin, kidney bean and pepper). The sampling sites located in Changle, Shouguang, Qingzhou, Linqu and Taian of Shandong Province. The sensitivity of 173 S. sclerotiorum isolates to fluopyram was measured by mycelial growth rate method. The inhibitory activity of fluopyram on sclerotial production (number and dry weight), shape and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia was determined in laboratory. The action mode of fluopyram against S. sclerotiorum was tested on detached eggplant leaves. Field trials in two years were performed to evaluate the practical efficacy of fluopyram in controlling Sclerotinia stem rot. 【Result】Fluopyram had strong inhibitory activity on the mycelium growth of S. sclerotiorum and had little difference in EC₅₀ values against 173 S. sclerotiorum isolates, with the ranging from 0.02 to 0.30 μg·mL^-1, which suggested that these isolates could be used to analyze the sensitivity level of S. sclerotiorum to fluopyram. The frequency distribution of EC₅₀ showed a single peak skew normal curve, and the variation coefficient was small, indicating that the S. sclerotiorum isolates on vegetable in Shandong Province were sensitive to fluopyram. Additionally, fluopyram had high bioactivity in suppressing sclerotial production, sclerotial morphology and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia. After treated with fluopyram at 1.6 μg·mL^-1, the number and dry weight of sclerotia from three isolates significantly decreased, and the sclerotia became smaller, indicating that the fungicide could reduce the number of primary source of infection and suppress the activity of infection of this pathogen. After 3 consecutive days of observation, the inhibition rate of myceliogenic germination of sclerotia treated with fluopyram at 5 μg·mL^-1 was all above 95%, indicating that fluopyram could inhibit the infection approach of the fungus so as to protect the basal part of stem from infection. The inoculation test on the detached leaves of eggplant showed that fluopyram had protective and curative activities. Spray applications of fluopyram at 40 μg·mL^-1 provided protective efficacy of 100.00% and curative efficacy of 88.81%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of carbendazim and dimethachlon at 40 μg·mL^-1. In addition, the protective efficacy of fluopyram was better than the curative efficacy, which suggested that fluopyram should be sprayed preventively or at the very early stage of disease occurrence to get a higher efficacy. In the field trials conducted in 2016 and 2017 under natural infection conditions, the control efficacy of 90.30% and 87.60% against Sclerotinia stem rot were given by application of fluopyram under the rate of 200 g a.i./hm², which was significantly higher than that of other treatments. 【Conclusion】 The novel SDHI fungicide fluopyram has high bioactivity in suppressing mycelial growth, sclerotial production, sclerotial morphology and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia and can effectively control the occurrence of Sclerotinia stem rot in the field, which means that the fungicide is an effective agent for preventing and controlling Sclerotinia stem rot, and can be served as an alternative fungicide to control the disease.

Key words: Sclerotinia stem rot, fluopyram, sensitivity, sclerotia, control efficacy

黄学屏，宋昱菲，罗健，赵时峰，慕卫，刘峰. 蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性及防病应用潜力评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(14): 2711-2718.

HUANG XuePing, SONG YuFei, LUO Jian, ZHAO ShiFeng, MU Wei, LIU Feng. Sensitivity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to Fluopyram and Evaluation of Its Application Potential in Controlling Sclerotinia Stem Rot[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(14): 2711-2718.

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