外源柠檬酸对石灰性黄壤养分活化及刺梨实生苗养分吸收与生长的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.11.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】解析外源柠檬酸活化石灰性黄壤养分的作用，探究外源柠檬酸促进石灰性黄壤上的刺梨实生苗对养分吸收及生长的影响，为贵州喀斯特石灰性黄壤地区刺梨栽培的养分调控提供科学依据。【方法】以石灰性黄壤和‘贵农5号’刺梨实生苗为材料，采用盆栽法，设置每kg石灰性黄壤（干土）施入柠檬酸40、80和120 mg 3个处理，探究外源柠檬酸的不同施用量对石灰性黄壤养分的活化和促进刺梨实生苗养分吸收及生长的作用。【结果】外源柠檬酸施入石灰性黄壤后，土壤pH明显降低，有效氮、磷、钾、钙、铁、锌、硼的含量明显增加，其中80 mg·kg^-1柠檬酸处理的有效磷、钾、钙和硼含量增加得最多。120 mg·kg^-1柠檬酸处理的土壤有效氮、铁、锌含量提高的百分率最大，而有效锰、铜的含量明显降低，对土壤交换性镁的含量无明显作用。土壤中的细菌总数和解磷菌及解钾菌的数量随柠檬酸施用量的增大而增多，真菌和放线菌数量随之减少，其中，以80 mg·kg^-1柠檬酸处理的解磷菌和解钾菌的数量为最多。刺梨实生苗的石灰性黄壤培养土施入外源柠檬酸后，明显增强了多种土壤酶的活性，随柠檬酸施入量的增加，土壤的脲酶、硝酸还原酶和铁还原酶的活性随之增强，淀粉酶活性随之降低，80 mg·kg^-1柠檬酸处理的土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶的活性最高。外源柠檬酸施入石灰性黄壤后，土壤中柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和乙酸的含量明显增加，其中80 mg·kg^-1柠檬酸处理的酒石酸、苹果酸含量和有机酸总量最高，3个处理的草酸含量都明显低于对照。外源柠檬酸施入石灰性黄壤后，刺梨实生苗对N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、B元素的吸收量明显增加，其中，80 mg·kg^-1柠檬酸处理的刺梨实生苗对上述元素的吸收量最大。刺梨实生苗对Cu的吸收量随柠檬酸施入量的增加无明显改变。外源柠檬酸的施入明显降低了刺梨实生苗根系中柠檬酸和草酸的含量，增加了根系中苹果酸、酒石酸、乙酸和琥珀酸的含量，根系活力和硝酸还原酶、碱性磷酸酶、分泌性碱性磷酸酶、铁还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性明显增强，与对照的差异均达到显著水平（P，其中80 mg＜0.05）·kg^-1处理的根系活力、碱性磷酸酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和根系分泌性碱性磷酸酶的活性最强，硝酸还原酶和铁还原酶的活性随柠檬酸施入量的增加而增强。在施入柠檬酸的石灰性黄壤上，刺梨实生苗的生长、根系发育和根系形态明显改善，其中，80 mg·kg^-1柠檬酸处理的植株生物量、高度、基径、根冠比值、根系总表面积、总体积、总根尖数都最大，3个处理的上述指标均明显大于对照，其差异达到显著水平（P＜0.05）。【结论】外源柠檬酸施入pH＞8的石灰性黄壤后，具有改善土壤生态环境和活化土壤养分的作用，增强多种土壤酶活性，增加土壤中酒石酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乙酸的含量，增加细菌总数、解磷菌及解钾菌的数量，促进刺梨实生苗生长。

关键词: 柠檬酸, 石灰性黄壤, 养分活化, 刺梨, 养分吸收, 生长

Abstract: 【Objective】In order to provide a scientific basis for nutrient regulation of Rosa roxburghii culture in calcareous yellow soil of Guizhou Karst region, the effects of exogenous citric acid on the nutrient activation of calcareous yellow soil were analysed and the effects of exogenous citric acid on nutrient absorption and growth of Rosa roxburghii on calcareous yellow soil were explored.【Method】 Taking calcareous yellow soil and 'Guonong 5' Rosa roxburghii seedlings as materials，three treatments of citric acid 40mg, 80mg and 120mg per 1000g of dry soil were set up by pot experiment method. The available nutrients, microbial numbers, enzyme activities and low molecular organic acids of treated calcareous yellow soil, and on the parameters for nutrient uptake and growth of Rosa roxburghii seedling were measured. 【Result】 The application of exogenous citric acid to calcareous yellow soil showed that the pH of soil was obviously decreased, and the contents of available N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and B were significantly increased. Among the three treatments, the contents of available P, K, Ca and B in the soil were the highest in 80 mg·kg^-1 citric acid treatment, the effective content of N, Fe and Zn in soil were the highest in 120 mg·kg^-1 citric acid treatment, but the contents of Mn and Cu in soil were significantly decreased, and the content of Mg was almost no change. The total number of bacteria and the numbers of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria in soils increased with the increasing of applied citric acid amount, and the numbers of fungi and actinomycetes decreased. The numbers of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and potassium-dissolving bacteria were the largest under the treatment of 80 mg·kg^-1 citric acid. The activities of soil enzymes were significantly enhanced after application of exogenous citric acid in limestone yellow soil, and the activities of alkaline soil phosphatase, protease and sucrase were highest in the treatment of 80 mg·kg^-1 citric acid, and the activities of urease, nitrate reductase and the activity of iron reductase increased with the increasing of citric acid application, and the amylase activity decreased with the increasing of citric acid application. The contents of citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and acetic acid in the soil increased obviously after exogenous citric acid was applied to calcareous yellow soil, and the contents of tartaric acid, malic acid and total content of organic acid were the highest in treatment of 80 mg·kg^-1citric acid, the contents of oxalic acid in all treatments were significantly lower than the control. After exogenous citric acid application on the calcareous yellow soil, the uptaking ratio of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and B for Rosa roxburghi seedlings were significantly increased, and the highest value was measured under 80 mg·kg^-1 citric acid concentration. The absorption of Cu for Rosa roxburghi seedlings showed no significant change with the increasing of exogenous citric acid. Exogenous citric acid application significantly reduced the content of citric acid and oxalic acid in roots of Rosa roxburghi seedlings. The applications increased the root activity and the contents of malic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid and succinic acid, and also significantly increased the activities of nitrate reductase, alkaline phosphatase, secreted alkaline phosphatase, iron reductase and glutamine synthetase (P＜0.05). Among three treatments, the activities of root vitality, alkaline phosphatase, glutamine synthetase and exudative alkaline phosphatase were the strongest under the treatment of 80 mg·kg^-1 citric acid. The activities of nitrate reductase and iron reductase were increased with the increasing of citric acid application. The growth, root development and root morphology of Rosa roxburghi seedlings were significantly improved with all three exogenous citric acid treatments, and the largest biomass and plant height, root and shoot ratio, total root surface area, total volume and total root tip number were foundin 80 mg·kg^-1 citric acid-treated seedlings, and the above indexes were significantly larger than those of the control (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】 The application of exogenous citric acid to calcareous yellow soil with pH higher than 8 can improve the soil ecological environment and activate soil nutrients. It can enhance the activity of various soil enzymes and increase the contents of tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid and acetic acid and total bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and potassium-solubilizing bacteria, and promote the growth of Rosa roxburghi seedling.

Key words: citric acid; calcareous yellow soil, nutrient activation, Rosa roxburghi, nutrient absorption, growth

龚芳芳，樊卫国. 外源柠檬酸对石灰性黄壤养分活化及刺梨实生苗养分吸收与生长的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(11): 2164-2177.

GONG FangFang, FAN WeiGuo. Effects of Exogenous Citric Acids on Nutrient Activation of Calcareous Yellow Soil and Promotion effects of Nutrient Absorption and Growth of Rosa roxburghii Seedlings[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(11): 2164-2177.

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