同形态及配比的氮肥对枳砧脐橙幼树生长及氮素吸收利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.13.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】石灰性黄壤是中国西南喀斯特地区的主要土壤种类，这一地区柑橘分布广泛。研究石灰性黄壤上柑橘对不同形态氮肥的选择吸收与利用特性，旨在为中国西南喀斯特地区柑橘园施肥提供合理的氮肥选择依据。【方法】以枳砧纽荷尔脐橙嫁接苗为材料，以pH 8.1的石灰性黄壤为栽培介质，采用土培方法，测定单施硝态氮、铵态氮、尿素及混施不同比例硝态氮和铵态氮后枳砧纽荷尔脐橙幼树的总叶面积、高度、基径、鲜重及干重生物量、根冠比值、氮的吸收量和氮的利用效率；采用常规耗竭法，在春季和夏季测定枳砧纽荷尔脐橙幼树根系对NO₃^-和NH₄⁺吸收的动力学参数。【结果】在石灰性黄壤上，单施硝态氮、铵态氮、尿素的枳砧纽荷尔脐橙幼树生长发育和氮的吸收利用受到明显抑制，植株的总叶面积、高度、基径、鲜重及干重生物量、根冠比值、氮的吸收量和氮的利用效率均变小，其中以单施尿素的为最小。混施硝态氮和铵态氮对枳砧纽荷尔脐橙幼树的生长发育和氮的吸收利用有明显的促进作用。其中硝态氮和铵态氮的比例为75﹕25的施氮处理，植株生长发育最好，氮的吸收量和利用效率最大，植株总叶面积为0.44 m²，高度为73.95 cm，基径为1.36 cm，鲜重及干重生物量分别为232.95 g/株和130.27 g/株，鲜重及干重根冠比值分别为1.02和1.06，整株氮的吸收量和利用效率分别达到3.80 g/株和0.0292 g·mg^-1。混施硝态氮和铵态氮时，随铵态氮的比例增大，植株的生物量及氮的吸收量和利用效率随之下降。单施铵态氮或尿素，根系会产生NH₃中毒现象。无论春季或夏季，单施硝态氮和混施不同比例的硝态氮和铵态氮的枳砧纽荷尔脐橙幼树根系对NO₃^-的最大吸收速率（I_max）均无显著差异，根系对NO₃^-的吸收较为稳定。春季根系对NO₃^-的K_m值都明显比夏季的小，根系与NO₃^-的亲和力强于夏季，夏季根系对NO₃^-的K_m值差异不显著。混施硝态氮和铵态氮时，将硝态氮的比例提高至50%—75%时能够增强春季枳砧纽荷尔脐橙幼树根系对NO₃^-的亲和力，增加春季和夏季根系中NO₃^-的流动速率（α）。在春季，随氮肥中铵态氮比例的增大，根系对NH₄⁺的最大吸收速率和NH₄⁺在根系中的流动速率随之增大，而根系对NH₄⁺的亲和力随之降低。在夏季，随氮肥中铵态氮比例的增大，根系对NH₄⁺的最大吸收速率、亲和力和NH₄⁺在根系中的流动速率随之减小，单施铵态氮的根系与NH₄⁺的亲和力最小，对NH₄⁺的最大吸收速率最低，NH₄⁺在根系中的流动速率最慢。混施硝态氮和铵态氮后，在春季和夏季枳砧脐橙幼树的根系与NO₃^-的亲和力都比NH₄⁺的强，NO₃^-在根系中的流动速率远大于NH₄⁺的。【结论】在石灰性黄壤上，枳砧脐橙幼树的根系对NO₃^-的吸收表现出较明显的偏好，混施75﹕25的硝态氮和铵态氮能够促进脐橙的生长发育和提高氮的吸收及利用效率。

关键词: 氮肥, 石灰性黄壤, 枳砧脐橙, 吸收量, 利用效率, 最大吸收速率, 离子亲和力

Abstract: 【Objective】Cultivation media have important influence on the citrus absorbing different forms of nitrogen. Calcareous yellow soil is the main soil type in Karst area, southwest of China, and citrus are widely distributed in this region. Research on the citrus absorption and utilization of different forms of nitrogen will provide a reasonable scientific method of selecting nitrogen fertilizer for citrus in calcareous yellow soil in this region. 【Method】 A soil culture experiment was conducted to determine the total leaf area, plant height, base diameter, fresh weight, dry biomass, root/cap ratio, nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency of young Newhall navel orange with different N treatments: single NO₃^--N, single NH₄⁺-N and different proportions mixture of both forms, which were grafted on Poncirus trifoliata and cultivated in the calcareous yellow soil. The conventional method of depletion was carried out to study the kinetics parameters of NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N absorption in both spring and summer.【Result】Results indicated that plant growth was obviously inhibited, and the total leaf area, height, base diameter, fresh weight and dry weight biomass, root-shoot ratio, nitrogen absorption amount and nitrogen use efficiency were brought down when using NO₃^--N, NH₄⁺-N and CO(NH₂)₂ alone. All these indexes were the lowest when applying CO(NH₂)₂ alone. Under mixed supply of sodium nitrate and NH₄⁺-N, the plant growth, nitrogen absorption amount and nitrogen use efficiency were better than using them alone. When the proportion of sodium nitrate﹕NH4⁺-N reached 75﹕25, growth indexes, nitrogen absorption amount and nitrogen use efficiency were the highest, the total leaf area was 0.44 m², height was 73.95 cm, base diameter was 1.36 cm, fresh weight was 232.95 g/plant, dry weight biomass was 130.27 g/plant, the ratio of fresh weight and root-shoot was 1.02 and the ratio of dry weight and root-shoot was 1.06, nitrogen absorption amount and nitrogen use efficiency were 3.80 g/plant and 0.0292 g·mg^-1, respectively. Under mixed supply of sodium nitrate and NH₄⁺-N, the plant growth, nitrogen absorption amount and nitrogen use efficiency were decreased when the ratio of sodium nitrate increased, the ammonia poisoning phenomena happened intheroot system of navel orange young trees when using NH₄⁺-N or CO(NH₂)₂ alone. No matter in spring or summer, there was no obvious difference in maximum absorption rate (I_max) between fertilizing NO₃^--N alone and mixed different ratios of NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N, however, the absorption of NO₃^- was more stable than the NH₄⁺. The I_maxof NO₃^- in spring was smaller than in summer, but the affinity of root to NO₃^- was stronger than in summer, and the K_m of root to NO₃^- was no significant difference in summer. When the ratio of NO₃-N and NH₄⁺-N was up to 50%-75%, the affinity of root to NO₃^- could be enhanced in spring, and the flow rate of NO₃^-(α) could also be increased in both spring and summer. In spring, the maximum absorption rate and the flow rate of root to NH₄⁺ were both increased with the increasing ratio of NH₄⁺-N, but the affinity of the root to NH₄⁺ decreased. In summer, the maximum absorption rate, affinity and the flow rate of root to NH₄⁺ were all reduced with the raising of the ratio of NH₄⁺-N, and the lowest values of them were observed when using NH₄⁺-N alone. Mixed fertilizer of NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N, the affinity of root to NO₃^- was stronger than to NH₄⁺, as well as the α of NO₃^-was faster than NH₄⁺ in both spring and summer. 【Conclusion】The root system of young navel orange trees grafted on Poncirus trifoliata prefered absorption NO₃^-in calcareous yellow soil. The proportion of sodium nitrate and NH₄⁺-N application reached 75﹕25 was able to promote the plant growth and nitrogen absorption and increase the use efficiency for navel orange.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer, calcareous yellow soil; navel orange grafted on Poncirus trifoliata, absorptive amount, use efficiency, maximum absorption rate, ion affinity

樊卫国，葛会敏. 同形态及配比的氮肥对枳砧脐橙幼树生长及氮素吸收利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(13): 2666-2675.

FAN Wei-guo, GE Hui-min. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer of Different Forms and Ratios on the Growth, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Young Navel Orange Trees Grafted on Poncirus trifoliata[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(13): 2666-2675.

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