生物炭及炭基肥对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的微生物在土壤养分循环中起到转换者的作用。论文以传统有机肥（玉米秸秆和猪厩肥）为对照,探究施用生物炭和炭基肥等新型有机物料培肥改土对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以期为不同有机物料合理施用提供理论参考。方法依托沈阳农业大学棕壤改土定位试验平台（始于2009年）,利用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）技术研究长期不同有机无机配施条件下土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构特征及二者的相关关系。试验处理包括：秸秆配施化肥还田（CS）、猪厩肥配施化肥（PMC）、炭基肥（BF）以及生物炭配施化肥（BIO）。结果 PMC和BF处理的pH显著高于BIO处理;PMC处理的全氮含量显著高于BF和CS处理,BIO与PMC处理没有显著差异;PMC处理的有机质含量显著高于BF和BIO处理;PMC处理的土壤含水量最高;不同处理间土壤全钾含量没有显著差异。PMC处理的土壤微生物总PLFAs含量最高,其他处理间没有差异;PMC处理的细菌PLFAs含量最高,BF处理的细菌PLFAs含量显著低于BIO和CS处理;PMC处理的真菌、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs含量显著高于BIO处理,BF与PMC处理差异不显著;PMC处理的放线菌含量显著高于CS处理,BF和BIO处理居于中间无显著差异。BF处理的Shannon-Winner多样性指数和真菌/细菌比值显著高于BIO处理,BF和PMC处理的革兰氏阳性/阴性细菌比值显著低于BIO处理。冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,土壤pH、全氮和有机质对土壤微生物各PLFA有极显著影响（P<0.01）,含水量和全钾有显著影响（P<0.05）。结论生物炭和炭基肥长期施用明显改善了土壤理化性质;相较猪厩肥,施用生物炭不利于真菌和革兰氏阴性细菌的积累,而且施用生物炭和炭基肥对土壤微生物群落的影响不同,施用生物炭有利于细菌群落的繁殖,施用炭基肥有利于土壤真菌/细菌比和土壤微生物群落结构多样性的提高;土壤pH、全氮、有机质、含水量和全钾依次是影响土壤微生物群落的重要因子。

关键词: 生物炭, 炭基肥, 磷脂脂肪酸, 群落结构, 土壤微生物

Abstract:

【Objective】 Microbes play the key role of switcher in soil nutrient cycling, the aim of this paper was to study the effects of soil microbial community structure by long-term fertilization of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer, and to provide theory reference on reasonable administration of different organic fertilizers, contrasting with traditional organic fertilizer (corn straw and piggery manure compost) in the meantime. 【Method】 This research was based on the long-term experiment of soil improvement of brown soil in Shenyang Agricultural University (began in 2009). The changes of soil physic-chemical properties, soil microbial community structure and their relationship by long-term organic fertilizer plus NPK fertilization were studied by PLFA and correlatively analysis. Soil samples were collected from treatments as farmland with biochar-based compound fertilizer (BF) alone and farmland with piggery manure compost (PMC), corn straw-returning (CS), biochar (BIO) combination of NPK fertilizer, respectively. 【Result】 Soil pH of PMC and BF were higher than BIO significantly; total N (TN) of PMC was significantly higher than BF and CS, which of BIO had no significant difference with PMC; soil organic matter (SOM) of PMC was significantly higher than that of BF and BIO; moisture content (MC) of PMC was the highest of all treatments; total K (TK) of all treatments had no significant difference. Total PLFAs of PMC was significantly higher than other treatments, but there were no significant differences among others; bacteria PLFAs of PMC was the highest of all treatments, which of BF was significantly lower than BIO and CS; fungi, gram-positive, gram-negative PLFAs of PMC were significantly higher than BIO, which of BF had no significant difference with PMC; actinomyces PLFAs of PMC was higher than CS significantly, there were no significant differences between BIO and BF. The result of analysis showed that Shannon-Winner richness index (H) and the fungi/bacteria PLFAs ratio of BF was higher than BIO significantly, the gram- positive/gram-negative PLFAs ratio of BF and PMC were lower than BIO significantly. The result of redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that microbial PLFA was significantly influenced (P<0.01) by soil pH, TN and SOM, and significantly influenced (P<0.05) by MC and TK.【Conclusion】 Soil physico-chemical properties were obvious improved by long-term fertilization of biochar and biochar-based compound fertilizer. Compared to PMC, farmland with BIO was bad for the growth of fungi and gram-negative microbe, and farmland with BIO and BF had different effects on soil microbial community structure, namely, farmland with BIO could increase the biomass of bacteria, while farmland with BF could increase the fungi/bacteria ratio and the diversity of soil microbial community structure. Soil pH, TN, SOM, MC and TK were the important factors which influence the soil microbe community structure in this study in the order.

Key words: biochar, biochar-based compound fertilizer, PLFA, community structure, soil microbe

陈坤, 徐晓楠, 彭靖, 冯小杰, 李亚朋, 战秀梅, 韩晓日. 生物炭及炭基肥对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(10): 1920-1930.

Kun CHEN, XiaoNan XU, Jing PENG, XiaoJie FENG, YaPeng LI, XiuMei ZHAN, XiaoRi HAN. Effects of Biochar and Biochar-Based Fertilizer on Soil Microbial Community Structure[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(10): 1920-1930.

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有机物料 Organic resources	C	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	pH值
玉米秸秆CS	44.44	1.01	0.21	0.93	——
猪厩肥PMC	29.20	1.44	1.08	0.94	7.21
炭基肥BF	7.73	11.00	13.00	13.00	9.14
生物炭颗粒BIO	33.32	0.50	0.84	0.59	7.06

处理 Treatments	pH	全钾 Total K(g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有机质 Soil Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	土壤含水量 Soil moisture content（%）
CS	5.98±0.19bc	22.72±0.43a	0.90±0.04b	17.18±0.37ab	10.05±0.76b
PMC	6.35±0.12a	22.65±0.11a	1.01±0.05a	18.16±0.74a	11.75±0.49a
BF	6.21±0.32ab	22.52±0.11a	0.90±0.01b	15.86±0.61b	10.00±0.09b
BIO	5.80±0.21c	22.50±0.59a	0.97±0.03ab	15.83±1.02b	9.94±0.67b

处理 Treatment	多样性指数 Shannon-Winner Diversity Index(H)	均匀度指数 Pielou Evenness Index(J)	优势度指数 Simpson Dominance Index(D)
CS	2.89ab	0.88a	0.92a
PMC	2.88ab	0.87a	0.92a
BF	2.91a	0.88a	0.93a
BIO	2.83b	0.86a	0.91a

土壤理化指标 Soil physic-chemical parameters	重要性排序 Importance rank	理化因子所占解释量 Variance explanation of different parameters	P P-value estimate
pH	1	0.703	0.002
全氮TN	2	0.607	0.004
有机质SOM	3	0.509	0.010
土壤含水量MC	4	0.506	0.014
全钾TK	5	0.402	0.048

	pH	全钾 TK	全氮 TN	有机质 SOM	含水量 MC
总PLFAs Total PLFAs	0.671	0.846^**	0.690	0.639	0.695
细菌PLFAs Bacterial PLFAs	0.573	0.850^**	0.611	0.567	0.636
真菌PLFAs Fungi PLFAs	0.924^**	0.480	0.823^*	0.843^**	0.731^*
放线菌PLFAs Actinomycetes PLFAs	0.834^*	0.795^*	0.823^*	0.672	0.775^*
革兰氏阳性PLFAs G⁺ PLFAs	0.916^**	0.761^*	0.871^**	0.816^*	0.800^*
革兰氏阴性PLFAs G^- PLFAs	0.958^**	0.600	0.860^**	0.785^*	0.764^*