玉米穗轴机械强度及其对机械粒收籽粒破碎率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的明确玉米穗轴机械强度变化规律及其对机械粒收籽粒破碎率的影响,为提高玉米收获质量提供理论依据。方法本研究通过设置品种大区鉴选试验,对各品种进行分期收获,历次收获均以相同粒收机械与农机操作人员实施,同步调查玉米穗轴形态、含水率、干物质积累、力学特征以及籽粒含水率、机收破碎率等指标,研究玉米生育后期穗轴机械强度的变化特征及其影响因素,分析穗轴机械强度与籽粒破碎率之间的关系。结果结果显示,随着收获期推迟,玉米籽粒和穗轴含水率逐渐降低,而穗轴8 cm和全长抗折断力及籽粒破碎率均呈现先降低后升高的趋势。籽粒含水率低于20.1%时,机械粒收籽粒破碎率随穗轴抗折断力提高呈极显著的指数增加趋势;当籽粒含水率高于20.1%时,破碎率与穗轴全长抗折断力呈极显著的指数模型关系,与8 cm抗折断力的回归分析未达到显著水平。穗轴抗折断力与穗轴含水率呈显著负相关,与穿刺强度、干重、单位长度干重、单位体积干重呈显著正相关;通径分析表明穗轴单位长度干重对抗折断力的贡献最大。结论玉米穗轴机械强度是影响机械粒收籽粒破碎的重要因素之一,生育后期穗轴干物质积累和含水率是影响穗轴机械强度的重要因素。

关键词: 玉米, 穗轴, 抗折断力, 机械粒收, 破碎率

Abstract:

【Objective】 The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation of maize cob mechanical strength and its influence on kernel broken rate to provide a theoretical basis for improving maize harvest quality. 【Method】 Maize cultivars selection experiments were conducted in large area field. The same combine harvester and operating personnel were used in different harvest date to study the variation regularity and influence factors of maize cob mechanical strength during late growth period, to analyze the relationship between cob mechanical strength and kernel broken rate. The cob morphology, moisture content, dry matter accumulation, mechanical strength characters, kernel moisture content, and broken rate were investigated in this research. 【Result】 The results showed that, as harvest date delayed, maize kernel and cob moisture content decreased, and the bending strength of 8 cm and whole cob, and kernel broken rate showed a trend of decrease first and then increase. When kernel moisture content was below 20.1%, kernel broken rate increased exponentially with the increase in cob strength. When kernel moisture content was higher than 20.1%, kernel broken rate increased exponentially with the increase in bending strength of whole cob, and there was no significant relationship between kernel broken rate and bending strength of 8 cm cob. The bending strength was significantly and negatively correlated with moisture content of cob. In contrast, bending strength were significantly and positively correlated with penetration strength, dry weight, dry weight per unit length, and dry weight per unit volume. Path analysis showed that dry weight per unit length had the greatest effect on bending strength of cob. 【Conclusion】 Cob mechanical strength is one of the important factors affecting kernel broken rate in maize grain harvest. The dry matter accumulation and moisture content are important factors affecting the mechanical strength of the cob during late stage.

Key words: maize, cob, bending strength, mechanical grain harvest, broken rate

薛军, 李璐璐, 张万旭, 王群, 谢瑞芝, 王克如, 明博, 侯鹏, 李少昆. 玉米穗轴机械强度及其对机械粒收籽粒破碎率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(10): 1868-1877.

Jun XUE, LuLu LI, WanXu ZHANG, Qun WANG, RuiZhi XIE, KeRu WANG, Bo MING, Peng HOU, ShaoKun LI. Maize Cob Mechanical Strength and Its Influence on Kernel Broken Rate[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(10): 1868-1877.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I10/1868

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试验地点 Experimental site	品种数 Number of cultivars	玉米品种名称 Maize cultivars name
新乡 Xinxiang	28	辽单585、辽单586、辽单575、MC670、泽玉501、泽玉8911、吉单66、东单913、裕丰303、中科玉505、联创808、联创825、金通152、农华5号、农华816、恒玉898、迪卡517、迪卡653、新单58、新单65、新单68、陕单636、陕单650、宇玉30、利单295、LA 505、北斗309、豫单9953 LD585, LD586, LD575, MC670, ZY501, ZY8911, JD66, DD913, YF303, ZKY505, LC808, LC825, JT152, NH5, NH816, HY898, DK517, DK653, XD58, XD65, XD68, SD636, SD650, YY30, LD295, LA505, BD309, YD9953
奇台 Qitai	40	辽单585、辽单575、辽单586、泽玉8911、泽玉501、MC670、M751、九玉Y02、联创528、登海318、登海105、登海618、登海1739、登海1786、登海1769、豫单9953、郑单309、郑单528、郑单1002、陕单628、农华213、大成168、新玉47、北斗309、利单295、联创808、矮单268、郑单1002、九玉M03、金珠58、先玉1331、豫单132、增玉1572、增玉1317、优旗909、京华8号、和育187、KWS9384、KWS3564、植青1号 LD585, LD575, LD586, ZY8911, ZY501, MC670, M751, JYY02, LC528, DH318, DH105, DH618, DH1739, DH1786, DH1769, YD9953, ZD309, ZD528, ZD1002, SD628, NH213, DC168, XY47, BD309, LD295, LC808, AD268, ZD1002, JYM03, JZ58, XY1331, YD132, ZY1572, ZY1317, YQ909, JH8, HY187, KWS9384, KWS3564, ZQ1

变量 Variable	P-值 P-value
变量 Variable	8 cm抗折断力 Bending strength of 8 cm cob	全长抗折断力 Bending strength of whole cob
收获日期 Harvest date	<0.001**	<0.001**
品种 Cultivar	<0.001**	<0.001**
长度 Length	0.060 ns	0.935 ns
外直径 Outside diameter	0.196 ns	0.890 ns
内直径 Internal diameter	0.355 ns	0.884 ns
壁厚 Wall thickness	0.398 ns	0.847 ns
穗轴含水率 Moisture content	0.017*	0.627 ns
穿刺强度 Penetration strength	0.859 ns	0.120 ns
干重 Dry weight	0.990 ns	0.485 ns
单位长度干重 Dry weight per unit length	0.003**	0.242 ns
单位体积干重 Dry weight per unit volume	0.567 ns	0.277 ns
长度/外径 Length/outside diameter	0.042*	0.795 ns

收获期 Harvest date	抗折断力 Bending strength	穗轴特征 Cob characteristic
收获期 Harvest date	抗折断力 Bending strength	长度 Length	外直径 Outside diameter	内直径 Internal diameter	壁厚 Wall thickness	含水率 Moisture content	穿刺强度 Penetration strength	干重 Dry weight	单位长度干重 Dry weight per unit length	单位体积干重 Dry weight per unit volume	长度/外径 Length/ outside diameter
10-6— 10-16	8 cm抗折断力 Bending strength of 8 cm cob	0.195 ns	0.483**	0.224 ns	0.382**	-0.057 ns	0.743**	0.662**	0.239 ns	0.491**	-0.187 ns
10-6— 10-16	全长抗折断力 Bending strength of whole cob	-0.009 ns	0.249 ns	0.014 ns	0.305 ns	-0.287 ns	0.658**	0.743**	0.475*	0.649**	-0.229 ns
10-27—11-25	8 cm抗折断力 Bending strength of 8 cm cob	0.027 ns	0.309**	0.281**	0.087 ns	-0.292**	0.640**	0.754**	0.377**	0.618**	-0.162 ns
10-27—11-25	全长抗折断力 Bending strength of whole cob	-0.216*	0.069 ns	0.047 ns	0.035 ns	-0.450**	0.464**	0.680**	0.555**	0.686**	-0.216*
10-6— 11-25	8 cm抗折断力 Bending strength of 8 cm cob	0.021 ns	0.297**	0.252**	0.128 ns	-0.308**	0.575**	0.575**	0.706**	0.352**	-0.179*
10-6— 11-25	全长抗折断力 Bending strength of whole cob	-0.176 ns	0.104 ns	0.047 ns	0.084 ns	-0.358**	0.671**	0.484**	0.675**	0.525**	-0.220*

穗轴机械强度 Mechanical strength of cob	因素 Factors	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
穗轴机械强度 Mechanical strength of cob	因素 Factors	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅
8 cm抗折断力 Bending strength of 8 cm cob	X₁	-0.299**		-0.001	-0.047	0.151	-0.113
	X₂	-0.008	-0.019		0.665	-0.177	0.114
	X₃	0.779**	0.018	-0.007		-0.206	0.122
	X₄	-0.358**	0.126	-0.004	0.448		0.139
	X₅	0.220**	0.153	-0.004	0.431	-0.225
全长抗折断力 Bending strength of whole cob	X₁	-0.011		-0.004	-0.088	0.010	-0.265
	X₂	-0.370**	-0.001		0.643	-0.012	0.223
	X₃	0.755**	0.001	-0.316		-0.014	0.249
	X₄	-0.023	0.005	-0.193	0.460		0.276
	X₅	0.440**	0.007	-0.188	0.427	-0.014