玉米品种穗部性状差异及其对籽粒脱水的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的玉米籽粒脱水速率快、收获期含水率低是适宜机械粒收品种的基本要求。穗部性状是玉米遗传基础的直观表现,与籽粒脱水有较紧密的联系,探寻二者之间的关系、明确影响籽粒脱水速率的关键指标,对于适宜机械粒收品种的选育和筛选具有重要意义。方法本研究以黄淮海夏玉米区当前主推的22个品种为研究对象,按苞叶、籽粒、穗轴和穗柄等部位将穗部性状分为41个指标参数,于2015—2016年进行连续观测,并与衡量籽粒脱水快慢的5个参数（生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率、生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率、籽粒总脱水速率、生理成熟期籽粒含水率和收获期籽粒含水率）进行相关分析。结果 41个穗部指标在品种间均存在极显著差异,其中部分指标与籽粒脱水特征密切相关。苞叶长度与生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率显著负相关,与收获期籽粒含水率显著正相关;“苞叶长度/果穗长度”与生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率显著负相关;果穗夹角与籽粒总脱水速率显著正相关;穗轴生理成熟期含水率与籽粒生理成熟期、收获期含水率均呈极显著正相关关系;穗粒数与生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率、总脱水速率分别达到极显著、显著水平的负相关关系;“果穗长度/行粒数”与籽粒生理成熟前、后和总脱水速率分别呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与收获期籽粒含水率呈显著负相关关系;生理成熟期百粒干重与籽粒含水率呈显著负相关关系;而穗部其他性状与籽粒脱水速率、生理成熟期和收获期籽粒含水率均无显著相关性。结论黄淮海区域现有玉米品种穗部性状差异较大,苞叶短、穗轴生理成熟期含水率低、果穗夹角大、穗粒数少、籽粒小等穗部特征有利于籽粒脱水,可为适宜机械粒收品种的筛选和选育提供参考。

关键词: 玉米, 籽粒脱水, 苞叶, 籽粒, 穗轴, 穗柄

Abstract:

【Objective】 The high grain dehydration rate and the low grain moisture content at harvest are two ear characters, which can be established for maize mechanical grain harvesting. Ear characters are decided by genes and have close relationship with grain dehydration. This internal relationship and the key ear characters that can characterize the traits of grain dehydration remain unknown, which are of great significance for breeding and screening of suitable varieties. 【Method】 The report researched on a total of 22 main cultivars of summer maize in HuangHuaiHai plain, and their ear characters were divided into 41 parameters covering bract, grain, cob and ear-pedicel. In 2015 and 2016, these parameters were measured and were used in correlation analysis with five grain parameters describing the dehydration rate, including the grain dehydration rate before physiological maturity (GDRbpm), the grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity (GDRapm), the total grain dehydration rate (GTDR), the grain moisture content at physiological maturity (GMCpm) and at harvest (GMCh). 【Result】 These 41 parameters were significantly different between the 22 cultivars, and there were some parameters significantly linked to grain dehydration. The bract length had a significantly negative relationship with GDRapm and a significantly positive relationship with GMCh. The value of “bract length/ear length” had a significantly negative correlation with GDRapm. The ear angle was positively correlated to GTDR at a significant level. The cob moisture content at physiological maturity had significantly positive relationships with GMCpm and GMCh. The grain number per ear was positively correlated to GDRbpm and GTDR at a significant level. The value of “ear length/grain number per row” had significantly positive relationships with GDRbpm, GDRapm and GTDR and had a significantly negative relationship with GMCh. The 100-grain dry weight at physiological maturity was negatively correlated to the grain moisture content at the significant level. There were no significant correlations between the other ear parameters and the five grain dehydration parameters.【Conclusion】 The current cultivars had different ear characters in HuangHuaiHai plain. These parameters contributed to grain dehydration rate, including the shorter bract, the lower moisture content of cob at physiological maturity, the larger ear angle, the fewer grain number per ear, and the smaller grain, which could be used in breeding and screening of mechanical grain harvest cultivars.

Key words: maize, grain dehydration, bract, grain, cob, ear-pedicel

李璐璐, 明博, 谢瑞芝, 王克如, 侯鹏, 李少昆. 玉米品种穗部性状差异及其对籽粒脱水的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(10): 1855-1867.

LuLu LI, Bo MING, RuiZhi XIE, KeRu WANG, Peng HOU, ShaoKun LI. Differences of Ear Characters in Maize and Their Effects on Grain Dehydration[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(10): 1855-1867.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.10.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I10/1855

图/表 5

表1

表2

穗部指标及其简称"

序号 Ordinal number	指标 Parameter	简称 Abbreviation
1	苞叶层数Bract number	BN
2	苞叶最大厚度Max thickness of bract (mm)	BTmax
3	苞叶最小厚度Min thickness of bract (mm)	BTmin
4	苞叶面积Bract area (m²)	BA
5	苞叶面积/果穗表面积 Bract area/ear area	BA/EA
6	苞叶长度Bract length (cm)	BL
7	苞叶长度/果穗长度 Bract length/ear length	BL/EL
8	比苞叶重Bract relative weight (g·m^-2)	BRW
9	苞叶蓬松度 Fluffy degree of bract	BFD
10	苞叶生理成熟期干重Bract dry weight at physiological maturity (g)	BDWpm
11	苞叶生理成熟期鲜重Bract fresh weight at physiological maturity (g)	BFWpm
12	苞叶生理成熟期含水率Bract moisture content at physiological maturity (%)	BMCpm
13	苞叶生理成熟期含水量Bract moisture at physiological maturity (g)	BMpm
14	苞叶最大鲜重Max fresh weight of bract (g)	BFWmax
15	苞叶最大含水量Max moisture of bract (g)	BMmax
16	苞叶最大含水率Max moisture content of bract (%)	BMCmax
17	苞叶最小含水率Min moisture content of bract (%)	BMCmin
18	苞叶脱水速率Dehydration rate of bract (%·(℃·d)^-1)	BDR
19	果穗长度Ear length (cm)	EL
20	果穗直径Ear diameter (cm)	ED
21	穗轴直径Cob diameter (cm)	CD
22	果穗夹角Ear angle (°)	EA
23	果穗体积Ear volume (cm³)	EV
24	穗轴体积Cob volume (cm³)	CV
25	穗轴最大含水量Max moisture of cob (g)	CMmax
26	穗轴最大含水率Max moisture content of cob (%)	CMCmax
27	穗轴生理成熟期含水量Cob moisture at physiological maturity (g)	CMpm
28	穗轴生理成熟期含水率Cob moisture content at physiological maturity (%)	CMCpm
29	穗轴脱水速率Dehydration rate of cob (%·(℃·d)^-1)	CDR
30	穗柄长度Ear-pedicel length (cm)	EPL
31	穗柄最大含水率Max moisture content of ear-pedicel (%)	EPMCmax
32	穗柄生理成熟期含水量Ear-pedicel moisture at physiological maturity (g)	EPMpm
33	穗柄生理成熟期含水率Ear-pedicel moisture content at physiological maturity (%)	EPMCpm
34	穗柄脱水速率Dehydration rate of ear-pedicel (%·(℃·d)^-1)	EPDR
35	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	GNPE
36	穗行数 Rows per ear	RPE
37	籽粒长度Grain length (mm)	GL
38	果穗周长/穗行数Ear perimeter/ rows per ear (mm)	EP/RPE
39	果穗长度/行粒数Ear length/grain number per row (mm)	EL/GNPR
40	单粒所占空间Space of single grain (cm³)	SSG
41	生理成熟期百粒干重100-grain dry weight at physiological maturity (g)	100GDWpm
42	生理成熟期籽粒含水率Grain moisture content at physiological maturity (%)	GMCpm
43	收获期籽粒含水率Grain moisture content at harvest (%)	GMCh
44	生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率Grain dehydration rate before physiological maturity (%·(℃·d)^-1)	GDRbpm
45	生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率Grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity (%·(℃·d)^-1)	GDRapm
46	籽粒总脱水速率Total dehydration rate of grain (%·(℃·d)^-1)	GTDR

表2

表3

不同品种苞叶性状"

品种	年份	苞叶层数	苞叶最大厚度	苞叶最小厚度	苞叶面积	苞叶面积/果穗	苞叶长	苞叶长度/果穗长度	苞叶	比苞叶重	苞叶生理成熟期	苞叶生理成熟期	苞叶生理成熟期	苞叶生理成熟期	苞叶最大鲜重	苞叶最大含水量	苞叶最大含水率	苞叶最小含水率	苞叶脱水
Cultivar	Year	BN	BTmax (mm)	BTmin (mm)	BA	表面积	BL	BL/EL	蓬松度	BRW (g·m^-2)	干重	鲜重	含水率	含水量	BFWmax (g)	BMmax (g)	BMCmax	BMCmin	速率
					(m²)	BA/EA	(cm)		FD		BDWpm (g)	BFWpm (g)	BMCpm (%)	BMpm (g)			(%)	(%)	BDR (%·(℃·d)^-1)
XY335	###	10±0.7			0.15±2.1	5.2±0.5	22.3±1.1	1.2±0.1	1.44±0.1	70.6±5.7	12.63±1.5	13.90±1.2	9.33±4.7	1.27±0.5
ZD958	###	9±0.9			0.17±2.5	6.2±0.7	25.0±1.2	1.5±0.1	1.20±0.1	49.8±6.0	8.93±2.1	9.52±2.2	6.34±1.7	0.59±0.2
NH101	###	9±0.9			0.15±3.0	4.7±0.9	23.7±1.2	1.3±0.1	1.60±0.2	62.8±4.5	10.36±1.9	11.55±1.8	11.57±3.9	1.32±0.5
JNK728	###	9±1.2			0.19±9.5	6.9±3.5	24.2±0.8	1.4±0.1	1.33±0.2	60.5±2.7	11.40±1.0	13.44±1.4	14.95±5.2	2.04±0.8
NH816	###	10±0.6			0.17±2.0	5.4±0.5	26.0±1.3	1.3±0.1	1.44±0.2	60.2±5.2	10.21±1.0	14.69±2.0	30.12±4.9	4.48±1.3
ZD909	###	8±0.7			0.13±1.9	4.2±0.4	25.4±1.5	1.3±0.1	1.29±0.1	69.3±8.5	8.96±1.7	9.71±1.9	7.56±2.3	0.74±0.3
YF303	###	11±1.1			0.20±3.3	6.4±0.6	25.0±1.6	1.3±0.1	1.45±0.1	76.6±13.5	16.21±2.6	20.41±2.8	19.24±3.7	4.20±1.2
LC808	###	10±1.0			0.15±3.0	4.9±0.7	24.1±1.9	1.3±0.1	1.41±0.2	64.7±6.0	14.33±4.0	16.45±4.8	12.66±2.1	2.12±1.0
ZKY505	###	11±0.7			0.18±2.7	5.8±0.6	22.8±1.7	1.2±0.1	1.34±0.1	72.4±8.6	10.66±2.6	11.71±3.0	8.75±1.7	1.05±0.4
HT1H	###	10±1.7			0.12±1.1	4.8±0.6	21.6±1.1	1.2±0.1	1.48±0.1	69.6±8.4	9.69±2.0	12.45±2.7	20.78±3.1	2.76±0.9
NY721	###	8±0.6			0.12±2.0	3.8±0.4	23.7±1.6	1.3±0.1	1.44±0.2	83.3±9.6	9.99±1.3	12.15±1.4	17.78±4.4	2.16±0.6
XY335	###	9±0.8	3.62±0.6	1.55±0.4	0.17±2.6	6.5±1.0	24.5±1.0	1.4±0.2		77.8±12.4	10.77±1.6	14.41±2.0	25.29±3.7	3.65±0.7	67.70±9.9	53.75±8.0	79	14	0.074
ZD958	###	9±0.8	3.86±0.2	0.92±0.2	0.18±2.3	7.0±0.7	25.4±0.2	1.5±0.1		63.1±12.0	8.83±1.6	10.30±1.3	14.34±2.5	1.47±0.3	72.20±10.7	59.61±8.6	81	16	0.109
NH101	###	10±0.8	4.19±0.7	1.34±0.3	0.15±1.6	5.6±0.3	24.9±0.9	1.4±0.1		63.9±9.1	9.53±1.3	13.90±1.1	31.56±5.6	4.37±0.7	80.19±16.6	64.19±12.9	79	16	0.085
JNK728	###	10±0.7	4.55±0.2	1.56±0.3	0.16±1.8	7.7±0.5	25.2±1.3	1.7±0.1		58.2±4.0	9.79±1.3	11.18±1.4	12.44±0.6	1.39±0.2	89.09±5.9	74.07±6.0	80	13	0.128
NH816	###	10±0.6	4.40±0.3	1.69±0.2	0.17±2.5	6.1±0.4	27.2±0.8	1.4±0.1		66.5±6.3	9.29±2.6	12.58±4.7	24.37±6.8	3.28±2.3	75.58±7.0	61.75±5.6	82	16	0.082
ZD909	###	9±0.8	3.84±0.6	0.99±0.1	0.13±2.3	4.8±0.8	24.9±1.0	1.4±0.1		59.8±5.7	7.92±0.6	9.74±1.1	18.24±5.5	1.82±0.7	67.94±8.4	55.20±6.9	80	18	0.099
XD58	###	11±0.7	5.32±0.9	1.38±0.1	0.13±2.1	5.8±0.5	24.2±1.3	1.5±0.1		59.2±7.6	8.14±0.8	11.51±1.2	29.16±4.0	3.37±0.7	81.78±9.6	67.10±7.4	80	15	0.093
XD65	###	10±0.9	4.58±0.2	1.61±0.1	0.14±1.5	7.1±0.9	23.4±0.6	1.6±0.2		65.9±6.6	9.46±0.6	11.36±1.2	16.32±6.3	1.90±0.9	86.17±5.9	70.21±5.2	80	15	0.105
FK139	###	11±1.2	4.37±0.1	1.46±0.3	0.16±4.0	8.2±1.1	26.3±1.2	1.7±0.2		77.3±9.6	10.32±1.3	14.79±2.6	29.73±4.2	4.48±1.5	65.54±8.6	51.46±5.7	77	15	0.094
DK517	###	9±0.7	3.23±0.1	1.04±0.1	0.13±2.3	5.0±0.4	23.9±1.6	1.3±0.1		52.4±3.5	6.33±0.9	7.96±1.2	20.49±2.2	1.63±0.3	51.13±2.1	41.45±1.8	79	16	0.088
SD636	###	10±0.8	4.53±0.4	1.53±0.3	0.14±1.9	6.0±0.5	25.9±1.5	1.5±0.1		75.6±14.6	8.66±1.4	10.19±1.6	15.08±2.2	1.54±0.3	71.66±10.3	59.92±7.5	81	16	0.091
JH207	###	10±1.0	4.25±0.7	1.53±0.1	0.13±2.0	5.5±0.5	23.8±1.1	1.4±0.2		63.8±6.9	8.36±0.7	10.17±0.9	17.84±1.2	1.82±0.2	77.78±13.5	61.40±10.6	79	16	0.071
LD575	###	11±1.0	4.97±0.4	1.93±0.2	0.17±1.5	7.0±0.5	24.9±0.9	1.6±0.1		71.7±9.9	12.32±2.1	15.22±4.5	16.59±11.0	2.90±2.8	87.82±11.9	70.81±9.6	78	16	0.081
HM1H	###	9±0.7	4.41±0.7	1.45±0.2	0.12±1.4	4.8±0.4	25.9±0.7	1.5±0.1		68.6±3.6	10.56±2.8	15.84±6.8	29.73±10.6	5.27±4.0	66.10±4.0	53.39±3.3	79	14	0.08
JH318	###	10±0.6	4.00±0.4	1.44±0.2	0.12±0.9	5.3±0.8	22.3±0.7	1.4±0.2		67.9±3.7	8.28±0.8	11.70±1.6	28.96±2.7	3.42±0.7	57.56±4.8	44.88±7.3	78	19	0.069
JT152	###	11±0.8	4.80±0.2	1.52±0.1	0.15±2.7	6.0±0.4	26.9±0.9	1.5±0.1		59.2±7.5	11.50±1.8	14.33±2.7	19.47±2.5	2.84±0.9	82.91±3.7	66.77±2.6	81	17	0.072
ZJ323	###	8±0.7	4.29±0.2	1.32±0.2	0.12±2.2	4.6±0.4	27.0±2.1	1.5±0.1		72.0±4.5	7.72±1.2	8.28±1.3	6.82±0.7	0.56±0.1	74.57±8.8	59.01±7.2	80	15	0.075
变化范围		####	3.23-5.32	0.92-1.93	0.12-0.20	3.8-8.2	21.6-27.2	1.2-1.7	1.20-1.60	49.8-83.3	6.33-14.33	7.96-20.41	6.34-31.56	0.56-5.27	51.13-89.09	41.45-74.07	77.09-81.35	12.90-18.65	0.069-0.128
Variation range		####	3.23-5.32	0.92-1.93	0.12-0.20	3.8-8.2	21.6-27.2	1.2-1.7	1.20-1.60	49.8-83.3	6.33-14.33	7.96-20.41	6.34-31.56	0.56-5.27	51.13-89.09	41.45-74.07	77.09-81.35	12.90-18.65	0.069-0.128
样本量(n)		1 000	85	85	195	280	195	280	110	195	184	184	184	184	85	85
Sample number		1 000	85	85	195	280	195	280	110	195	184	184	184	184	85	85
F值 F value		37.49**	5.76**	7.92**	3.98**	14.09**	8.83**	15.61**	5.28**	7.47**	8.72**	7.91**	20.53**	9.04**	6.69**	7.44**

表3

表6

图1

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序号 Number	品种 Cultivar	种植年度 Year	亲本 Parent
1	郑单958 ZD958	2015、2016	郑58×昌7-2 Zheng58×Chang7-2
2	先玉335 XY335	2015、2016	PH6WC×PH4CV
3	农华101 NH101	2015、2016	NH60×S121
4	农华816 NH816	2015、2016	7P402×B8328
5	京农科728 JNK728	2015、2016	京MC01×京2416 Jing MC01×Jing 2416
6	中单909 ZD909	2015、2016	郑58×HD586 Zheng58×HD586
7	裕丰303 YF303	2015	CT1669×CT3354
8	联创808 LC808	2015	CT3566×CT3354
9	中科玉505 ZKY505	2015	CT1668×CT3354
10	禾田1号 HT1H	2015	B10194×合344 B10194×He344
11	宁玉721 NY721	2015	宁晨26×宁晨137 Ningchen26×Ningchen137
12	华美1号 HM1H	2016	HF12202×HM12111
13	真金323 ZJ323	2016	H351×Z962
14	新单58 XD58	2016	新09美×新3782 Xin09mei×Xin3782
15	新单65 XD65	2016	新026×新3782 Xin026×Xin3782
16	辽单575 LD575	2016	辽3358×辽3258 Liao3358×Liao3258
17	锦华318 JH318	2016	7P402×L9097
18	锦华207 JH207	2016	京X005×京147 Jing X005×Jing147
19	金通152 JT152	2016	NY60×B8328
20	迪卡517 DK517	2016	D1798Z×HCL645
21	陕单636 SD636	2016	KA103×KB043
22	丰垦139 FK139	2016	K334×K454

序号 Ordinal number	指标 Parameter	年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	年份×品种 Year×cultivar	样本量(n) Sample number
1	苞叶层数BN	15.23**	25.37**	10.59**	365
2	苞叶面积BA	0.02	3.08*	0.50	90
3	苞叶面积/果穗表面积 BA/EA	15.10**	14.32**	0.25	120
4	苞叶长度BL	13.51**	12.59**	2.18	90
5	苞叶长度/果穗长度 BL/EL	45.02**	19.18**	4.35**	120
6	比苞叶重BRW	3.13	10.49**	4.65**	90
7	苞叶生理成熟期干重BDWpm	8.77**	7.19**	0.50	84
8	苞叶生理成熟期鲜重BFWpm	0.07	11.54**	2.62*	84
9	苞叶生理成熟期含水率BMCpm	64.94**	28.69**	18.60**	84
10	苞叶生理成熟期含水量BMpm	23.27**	20.98**	12.43**	84
11	果穗长度EL	10.89**	14.96**	1.63	120
12	果穗直径ED	83.59**	7.29**	1.77	120
13	穗轴直径CD	28.69**	31.29**	0.79	120
14	果穗夹角EA	15.96**	13.27**	3.06*	120
15	果穗体积EV	63.55**	6.39**	1.48	120
16	穗轴体积CV	5.94*	15.13**	0.97	120
17	穗轴生理成熟期含水量CMpm	2.13	14.48**	4.30**	84
18	穗轴生理成熟期含水率CMCpm	6.87*	30.87**	1.42	84
19	穗柄生理成熟期含水量EPMpm	5.09*	22.09**	1.93	84
20	穗柄生理成熟期含水率EPMCpm	14.38**	5.01**	0.69	84
21	穗粒数 GNPE	3.51	16.66**	5.01**	240
22	穗行数 RPE	0.24	8.07**	1.07	240
23	籽粒长度GL	139.72**	3.69**	2.35*	120
24	果穗周长/穗行数EP/RPE	28.94**	8.87**	1.35	120
25	果穗长度/行粒数EL/GNPR	0.27	8.78**	3.08*	120
26	单粒所占空间SSG	76.5**	1.86	0.82	120
27	生理成熟期百粒干重100GDWpm	0.86	5.68**	1.52	84
28	生理成熟期籽粒含水率GMCpm	0.94	7.76**	9.7**	84
29	收获期籽粒含水率GMCh	2.63	31.68**	2.71*	84