氮肥与双氰胺配施对温室番茄生产及活性氮排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.09.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究田间条件下氮肥与硝化抑制剂双氰胺（dicyandiamide，DCD）配施对温室番茄产量、品质及活性氮损失的影响，明确DCD在棚室蔬菜生产体系中的作用及其硝化抑制效果，为氮肥减施增效提供依据。【方法】试验在河北省永清县番茄主产区北岔口村进行，供试作物为番茄。试验设5个处理，分别为不施氮对照（N0）、传统施氮（Con）、传统施氮+双氰胺（Con+DCD）、减量施氮（Opt）和减量施氮+双氰胺（Opt+DCD），定期对温室番茄追肥期间土壤无机氮、N₂O排放量和NH₃挥发损失量等指标进行测定。利用流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮含量，气相色谱仪测定N₂O排放量，硼酸吸收-标准稀酸滴定法测定NH₃挥发量。应用SAS软件对不同处理的产量、品质和各个指标进行方差分析。【结果】氮肥与DCD配施可以提高番茄产量，Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理分别提高了20.2%和2.4%，其中Con+DCD产量显著高于Con；同时，Con+DCD和Opt+DCD的氮肥农学效率（NAE）和氮肥偏生产力（PFP）均显著高于Con和Opt，其中Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理的NAE分别提高了176.7%和22.3%；此外，配施DCD显著降低了棚室番茄果实的硝酸盐含量，Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理分别降低了28.6%和19.3%，其他品质指标处理间差异不显著。氮肥与DCD配施显著降低了NO3--N在0—100 cm土层的累积，Con+DCD和Opt+DCD的NO3--N累积量分别为607.1和441.8 kg·hm^-2，较Con（708.4 kg·hm^-2）和Opt（524.2 kg·hm^-2）降低了14.3%和15.7%。各处理N₂O排放通量和NH₃挥发速率的峰值分别出现在施肥后第3天和第2天，总体来看，DCD能有效降低N₂O排放和NH₃挥发损失，Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理的N₂O累积排放量和NH₃挥发累积量分别降低了51.2%、75.4%和17.2%、21.9%。【结论】在本试验条件下，氮肥与DCD配施提高了温室番茄的产量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力，减少了土壤NO3--N在0—100 cm土层的累积，降低了N₂O排放量和NH₃挥发损失量，且以减氮50%并配施DCD（Opt+DCD）的效果最好。因此，在温室番茄生产中，适当减氮并配施DCD是一种科学有效的施肥管理方式。

关键词: 氮肥, 双氰胺, 活性氮, 温室番茄

Abstract: 【Objective】Effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD) application on tomato yields, quality and reactive nitrogen loss were studied under field condition, clearing the function and nitrification inhibitory effect of DCD in greenhouse vegetable production systems, to provide scientific basis for reducing nitrogen fertilization and increasing efficiency, and prevention and control of pollution. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted in the Yongqing County of Hebei Province and the test crop was tomato. The experiment consisted of 5 N fertilization treatments with three replicates: control treatment (N0), conventional N fertilization rate (Con), conventional N fertilization plus nitrification inhibitor (Con+DCD), optimal N fertilization rate (Opt), and optimal N fertilization plusnitrification inhibitor (Opt+DCD). By field-situ tracking method, soil inorganic nitrogen, N₂O emissions, ammonia volatilization loss and other indicators were measured during the top dressing of greenhouse tomato; N₂O samples were measured using a gas chromatograph, and soil inorganic nitrogen samples were analyzed by using a continuous flow analytical system; ammonia volatilization samples were measured by boric acid absorption- standard acid; SAS software were applied on the yield, quality and various indicators of different treatments for variance analysis.【Result】Nitrogen fertilizer combined with DCD could increase tomato yield, namely, the Con+DCD and Opt+DCD increased the yields by 20.2% and 2.4% compared with the Con and Opt, respectively. Tomato yield of Con+DCD was significantly higher than that of the Con treatment. Simultaneously, the NAE and PFP for the Con+DCD and Opt+DCD were significantly higher than the Con and Opt. Compared with the Con and Opt, the NAE for the Con+DCD and Opt+DCD was increased by 176.7% and 22.3%, respectively. In addition, the NO₃^--N content in tomato was significantly decreased after combination of nitrogen fertilizer and DCD, thus, compared with Con and Opt, Con+DCD and Opt+DCD decreased the NO₃^--N content by 28.6% and 19.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference among other quality indicators. The NO₃^--N accumulation at 0-100 cm soil depth under Con+DCD and Opt+DCD treatments were 607.1kg·hm^-2 and 441.8 kg·hm^-2, which were 14.3% and 15.7% lower than NO₃^--N accumulation under Con (708.4 kg·hm^-2) and Opt (524.2kg·hm^-2), respectively. N₂O emission flues and ammonia volatilization rate reached peak values on second and third day after fertilization. Overall, N₂O emissions and NH₃volatilization loss were reduced under the DCD treatment. Compared with the Con and Opt, N₂O accumulative emission and accumulative N loss by NH₃ volatilization for the Con+DCD and Opt+DCD decreased by 51.2%, 75.4% and 17.2%, 21.9%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Under the experimental conditions, combination of nitrogen fertilizer and DCD increased tomato yields, NAE and PFP, and decreased the NO₃^--N accumulation at 0-100 cm depth, emission flue of N₂O and ammonia volatilization loss. Opt+DCD showed the best effect among the treatments. Therefore, reducing Nitrogen and combined application of DCD is a scientific and effective fertilizer management in greenhouse tomato production.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer, dicyandiamide, reactive nitrogen, greenhouse tomato

尹兴，张丽娟，李博文，刘文菊，郭艳杰，李玉涛. 氮肥与双氰胺配施对温室番茄生产及活性氮排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(9): 1725-1734.

YIN Xing, ZHANG LiJuan, LI BoWen, LIU WenJu, GUO YanJie, LI YuTao. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Dicyandiamide Application on Tomato Growth and Reactive Nitrogen Emissions in Greenhouse[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(9): 1725-1734.

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