麦玉复种体系下秸秆还田与施氮对作物水氮利用及产量的效应研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.09.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究陕西关中地区麦玉复种体系下作物生产过程对秸秆还田与氮肥合理配施的响应，为实现当地粮食作物增产及资源高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】本研究于2011年10月至2016年10月，在陕西杨凌地区设置连续5年的定位试验。采用二因素裂区设计，主区为秸秆还田，设秸秆还田（S）和秸秆不还田（S0）2个水平；副区为施氮量，设常规施氮（F1）、减量施氮（F0.8）、不施氮（F0）3个水平，对冬小麦与夏玉米籽粒产量及水肥利用状况进行测定分析。【结果】秸秆还田与施氮及二者交互作用对麦玉两作物产量及其构成因素、水肥利用效率等方面有显著或极显著影响。秸秆还田较不还田处理显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量，分别达6%—14%、8%—34%、3%—5%、3%—10%；同时显著提高麦玉播种前及收获后0—100 cm土层的储水量，播种前及收获后5季均值分别增加5%—11%、12%—15%（麦）和4%—9%、11%—17%（玉）。与不施氮处理相比，施氮显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量；并显著提高了秸秆还田水平下麦玉播前及收后土壤储水量。在产量和水氮利用方面，秸秆还田较不还田处理分别显著提高了2012—2016 4季冬小麦和5季夏玉米产量，其中，冬小麦每年依次提高4%—6%、5%—10%、7%—10%、8%—12%，夏玉米依次为1%—2%、3%—6%、4%—7%、5%—8%、3%—7%；秸秆还田显著提高麦玉水分利用率WUE，5季均值分别增加4%—7%和8%—11%；并显著提高2012—2016 4季麦玉氮肥偏生产力PEPN、2012—2016 4季冬小麦和5季夏玉米农学利用率AEN。施氮较不施氮处理显著提高麦玉产量，且均以F1处理最高，冬小麦F1处理在两秸秆还田水平下分别较F0处理显著增产30%—38%（S）和29%—33%（S0），夏玉米为21%—25%（S）和19%—22%（S0）；施氮显著提高了两作物WUE，S0水平下F1处理WUE均值最高，S水平下F0.8处理WUE均值最高；F0.8较F1处理在5季中均显著提高作物PEP_N和AE_N，5季均值最高的SF0.8处理较最低的S0F1处理分别增加31%和30%（麦）、30%和31%（玉）。经济效益方面，秸秆还田较不还田处理提高了麦玉净收益均值，分别为808—1 258元和733—1 212元；施氮较不施氮处理提高两作物净收益，施氮处理中以F0.8处理获得收益最大。麦玉5年净收益均呈现出SF0.8＞SF1＞S0F0.8＞S0F1＞SF0＞S0F0的趋势，其中SF0.8处理下净收益均值较CK分别增加3 052元和2 145元。【结论】长期秸秆还田配减量施氮在保证冬小麦及夏玉米维持较高产量的情况下，显著改善作物水肥利用情况。综合考虑作物产量、水肥利用效率及经济效益，不同处理间以秸秆全量还田配施减量氮肥处理效果最优。

关键词: 麦玉复种, 秸秆还田, 氮肥减量, 水氮利用, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】This research was conducted to explore the response of crop production under wheat-maize multiple cropping system in Shaanxi Guanzhong region to straw returning and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application conditions, so as to provide theoretical basis for realizing local crop yield increase and efficient utilization of resources. 【Method】 A five-year field experiment was persistently performed in Yangling of Shaanxi Province from October 2011 to October 2016. A split plot design was developed in this experiment, with different straw returning patterns (straw returning (S) and no straw returning (S0)) as main treatments and different fertilizer applications (farmer actual fertilization (F1), 20% fertilizer reduction (F0.8) and no fertilization (F0)) as sub-treatments. Crop yield, water and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat and summer maize under different treatments were measured and analyzed, respectively. 【Result】 The interactions of straw returning and nitrogen applications on biomass, yield and yield components, water and fertilizer utilization of wheat and maize were significant or highly significant. Compared with no straw returning, the content of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium under the condition of straw returning significantly increased 6.0%-13.9%, 8.2%-34.1%, 3.4%-4.7%, 3.3%-10.3%, respectively, and the soil water storage in 0-100 cm soil layer before sowing and after harvesting of winter wheat and summer maize significantly increased 5%-11%, 12%-15% in wheat and 4%-9%, 11%-17% in maize, respectively. Compared with no fertilization, the soil nutrient content under fertilization was significantly increased, and the soil water storage of both two crops with straw returning under the condition of fertilization was significantly increased. Compared with no straw returning, the yield of grain in four continuous wheat growing seasons (2012-2016) and five continuous maize growing seasons (2011-2016) under the condition of straw returning, respectively, increased 4%-6%, 5%-10%, 7%-10%, 8%-12% in wheat and 1%-2%, 3%-6%, 4%-7%, 5%-8%, 3%-7% in maize significantly; Water use efficiency (WUE), respectively, increased 4%-7% in wheat and 8%-11% in maize significantly; Nitrogen partial factor productivity (PEPN) and agronomic efficiency (AEN) of both two crops were increased significantly. Compared with no fertilization, the yield of wheat and maize under the condition of fertilization was increased significantly, and was highest in F1 treatment, which was significantly increased by 30%-38%, 29%-33%, respectively, in wheat and 21%-25%, 19%-22%, respectively, in maize comparing with F0 treatment under two straw returning level; WUE of both two crops was increased significantly, but under S0 level, the F1 treatment was the highest, and the F0.8 treatment was the highest under S level. Compared with farmer actual fertilization, PEP_N and AE_N of both two crops were significantly increased under 20% fertilizer reduction, and the highest SF0.8 treatment was significantly higher 31%, 30% in wheat and 30%, 31% in maize than the lowest S0F1 treatment, respectively. In terms of economic benefits, annual average net income of wheat and maize under straw returning condition was 808-1 258 yuan and 733-1 212 yuan higher than that of no straw returning, and compared with no fertilization condition, annual average net income of two crops was increased, and the F0.8 treatment gained the most. Meanwhile, two crops both showed the trend of SF0.8＞ SF1＞S0F0.8＞S0F1＞SF0＞S0F0 in five years, of which SF0.8 treatment increased 3 052 yuan in wheat and 2 145 yuan in maize respectively compared with the CK. 【Conclusion】 Generally, comparing with local farmer actual fertilization, long-term straw returning in matching with 20% reduction fertilization not only ensured the crop yield in a high level, but also improved utilization of water and nitrogen significantly. Based on the efficiency of water and nitrogen utilization, crop yield and economic benefit, the effect of SF0.8 treatment was the optimal in all treatments.

Key words: wheat-maize rotation, straw returning, nitrogen fertilizer reduction, water and nitrogen utilization, crop yield

杨晨璐，刘兰清，王维钰，任广鑫，冯永忠，杨改河. 麦玉复种体系下秸秆还田与施氮对作物水氮利用及产量的效应研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(9): 1664-1680.

YANG ChenLu, LIU LanQing, WANG WeiYu, REN GuangXin, FENG YongZhong, YANG GaiHe. Effects of Straw Returning in Matching and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Yields, Water and Nitrogen Utilization Under Wheat-Maize Multiple Cropping System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(9): 1664-1680.

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