黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期土壤硝态氮淋溶与降水年型间的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.08.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】冬小麦-夏休闲是旱地重要的轮作模式之一，随着氮肥用量的增加，一季小麦收获后土壤中残留的硝态氮含量不断增加，夏季休闲期间集中降水的特点是否会导致硝态氮淋溶损失，这一问题值得关注。【方法】连续3年（2013—2015年）采集黄土高原南部长武和杨凌两地夏季休闲前后0—200 cm土壤剖面样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量，研究不同降水年和不同施氮量下黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期间土壤剖面硝态氮累积及淋溶特性。【结果】小麦收获后，长武0—200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量在97—328 kg·hm^-2，平均193 kg·hm^-2；杨凌施氮量为120 kg N·hm^-2及240 kg N·hm^-2时，土壤剖面硝态氮累积量分别为156 kg·hm^-2及366 kg·hm^-2，增加施氮量土壤剖面累积硝态氮量显著增加。不同降水年夏季休闲前后硝态氮在土壤剖面的淋溶与降水量密切相关，长武降水量高的丰水年2013年（296 mm）休闲前位于40—60 cm深度的硝态氮累积峰在休闲后到达80 cm以下，淋溶作用明显。而降水量少的欠水年2014年（157 mm）休闲后土壤剖面未发生硝态氮的淋溶。降水量一般的平水年2015年（200 mm）休闲后在0—100 cm土壤剖面会发生硝态氮向下淋溶，但是迁移深度不大。在降水量高的2013年夏季休闲后100—200 cm土壤剖面增加的硝态氮累积量是0—100 cm的2.5倍，而2014年夏季休闲后土壤剖面增加的硝态氮累积量主要出现在0—100 cm土壤剖面。杨凌2013年试验期间降水量低（仅220 mm，属欠水年），休闲后两个施氮处理的土壤剖面硝态氮累积峰甚至出现轻微上移；同为欠水年，2015年降水量有所增加（288 mm），休闲后0—100 cm土壤剖面中发生硝态氮下移达到20—40 cm。而降水量更高的2014年（346 mm，平水年），休闲后土壤剖面中硝态氮累积峰较休闲前下移了60—80 cm。相比休闲前，降水量低的2013年夏季休闲后土壤剖面增加的硝态氮累积量主要出现在0—100 cm土壤剖面，淋溶作用弱。而降水量高的2014年施氮处理100—200 cm土层硝态氮的累积增加量显著高于0—100 cm土层，其中施氮240 kg N·hm^-2 处理0—100 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量显著下降，有大量硝态氮被淋溶到100—200 cm土层。【结论】黄土高原旱地小麦收获后0—200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量高。夏季休闲期间降水量是影响黄土高原旱地土壤剖面硝态氮淋溶的关键因素，降水量高的年份土壤剖面硝态氮淋溶作用明显。夏季休闲期间长武遇上丰水年土壤中硝态氮淋溶风险大，而杨凌遇上平水年就会出现硝态氮淋溶风险。

关键词: 旱地, 夏季休闲, 降水, 施氮量, 硝态氮淋溶, 黄土高原

Abstract: 【Objective】 Summer fallow after harvesting winter wheat is very common in dryland of the Loess Plateau. The residual nitrate in soil profile after wheat harvest was increased with the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Whether the intensive high rainfall during summer fallow will increase NO₃^--N leaching loss is an important issue deserving study.【Method】Soil profile samples (0-200 cm) were taken before and after summer fallow in three consecutive years (2013 to 2015) in Changwu and Yangling; NO₃^--N content in soil was analyzed to evaluate the impact of different precipitations and N application rates on NO₃^--N leaching during summer fallow. 【Result】The NO₃^--N in soil profiles of Changwu was in range of 97 to 328 kg·hm^-2, averaged 193 kg·hm^-2. The average NO₃^--N content in soil profiles of 120 and 240 kg N·hm^-2 treatments in Yangling was 156 and 366 kg·hm^-2, respectively, indicating that NO₃^--N accumulation in soil was increased with N fertilizer rate. There was significant relationship between NO₃^--N leaching and rainfall during summer fallow. When rainfall was high (296 mm, abundant rainfall) in 2013 in Changwu, NO₃^--N accumulation peak leached below 80 cm soil depth from 40-60 cm after summer fallow, indicating strong nitrate leaching. But NO₃^--N peak didn’t change after summer fallow in 2014 due to the low rainfall (157 mm, deficit rainfall). The rainfall was normal in 2015 (200 mm), so slight nitrate leaching occurred in 0-100 cm soil profile after summer fallow. Soil nitrate has already leached to 100-200 cm soil profile after summer fallow in 2013 and the accumulation increment was 2.5 times than 0-100 cm soil profile due to high rainfall; but in 2014 soil nitrate accumulation increment was mainly in 0-100 cm soil profile. When rainfall in 2013 was low (only 220 mm, deficit rainfall) in Yangling, NO₃^--N was found slightly move upward of two N applied treatments. It was deficit rainfall but the rainfall increased to 288 mm in 2015, then nitrate leaching occurred through a 20-40 cm thick soil layer in 0-100 cm soil profile after summer fallow. While rainfall was 346 mm (normal rainfall) in 2014, nitrate peaks of 120 kg N·hm^-2 and 240 kg N·hm^-2 treatments was leached down to 140-160 cm in depth, through a 60-80 cm thick soil layer. Compared with the beginning of summer fallow, soil nitrate accumulation increment was mainly in 0-100 cm soil layer in 2013 due to deficit rainfall. While in 2014, a massive of soil nitrate of N applied treatments leached down to 100-200 cm due to high rainfall, especially under 240 kg·hm^-2 N applied treatment. 【Conclusion】 NO₃^--N accumulation content in 0-200 cm soil profile of Loess Plateau dryland after wheat harvest was high. Rainfall was the key factor affects NO₃^--N leaching; and high rainfall during summer fallow increased NO₃^--N leaching. When abundant rainfall occured during summer fallow in Changwu, there was high leaching risk; while in Yangling high leaching risk would occur under normal rainfall.

Key words: dryland')">

dryland, summer fallow, rainfall, N application, nitrate leaching, Loess Plateau

夏梦洁，马乐乐，师倩云，陈竹君，周建斌. 黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期土壤硝态氮淋溶与降水年型间的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(8): 1537-1546.

XIA MengJie, MA LeLe, SHI QianYun, CHEN ZhuJun, ZHOU JianBin. The Relationship of NO₃^--N Leaching and Rainfall Types During Summer Fallow in the Loess Plateau Dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(8): 1537-1546.

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