地膜覆盖、氮肥与密度及其互作对黄土旱塬春玉米氮素吸收、转运及生产效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.08.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】以紧凑型玉米品种先玉335为供试作物，研究地膜覆盖、施氮量、种植密度及其互作对春玉米氮素吸收转运及利用效率的影响，以期为黄土高原半干旱区春玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】2013—2014年春玉米生长季，设置覆盖方式（覆膜和不覆膜）、施氮量（2013年为0、170、200和230 kgN·hm^-2，2014年为0、170、225和280 kgN·hm^-2）和种植密度（5.0×10⁴、6.5×10⁴和8.0×10⁴ 株/hm²）3个因子，分析不同处理的氮素累积与转运、产量及氮肥生产效率。【结果】地膜覆盖显著增加了玉米吐丝前氮素累积量，促进了吐丝后氮素累积和吐丝前累积氮素的再转移，从而显著提高了籽粒氮素累积量和籽粒产量。覆盖方式与氮肥或密度互作显著影响春玉米氮素吸收、累积和转移。地膜覆盖条件下更多的氮肥（200—230 kgN·hm^-2）或更高的密度（6.5×10⁴—8.0×10⁴株/hm²）投入能有效促进吐丝前储存更多的氮素向籽粒转运，提高吐丝后期氮同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率，从而提高了籽粒氮素累积量；而不覆盖条件下当施氮量超过170 kg N·hm^-²或密度超过5.0×10⁴株/hm²时，吐丝后氮同化量及其对籽粒的贡献显著减少，从而导致吐丝前氮素储备的增加未能有效增加籽粒氮素累积。氮肥与密度互作显著影响氮素累积、吸收和转移。氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）和氮素收获指数（NHI）与吐丝前氮素累积量、氮素转移量、吐丝后氮素累积量及籽粒产量呈正相关，达到了显著水平。从春玉米氮素累积、转移及与产量和氮肥偏生产力关系看，全膜双垄沟播种植技术的合理施氮量为200—230 kgN·hm^-2、密度为8.0×10⁴株/hm²，其产量可达13.7—14.6 t·hm^-2，PFP_N可达64.8—68.7 kg·kg^-1。【结论】地膜覆盖与适宜的施氮量和种植密度相结合的综合管理实践，有利于促进灌浆期营养器官储存氮向籽粒转移和吐丝后氮同化的协同增加，从而实现高产和高氮肥生产力。

关键词: 春玉米, 地膜覆盖, 施氮, 密度, 氮素转运, 产量, 氮肥生产效率, 黄土旱塬

Abstract: 【Objective】A field study was to investigate the effects of film mulching, nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on nitrogen accumulation, translocation and production efficiency of spring maize. This research could provide theoretical basis for optimizing high yield and high efficiency cultivation of dryland maize in semi-arid regions.【Method】Treatments included two planting methods (mulching and non-mulching), four nitrogen rates (0, 170, 200 and 230 kgN·hm^-2 in 2013 and 0, 170, 225 and 280 kgN·hm^-2in 2014), and three plant densities (5.0×10⁴, 6.5×10⁴ and 8.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2) during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. The nitrogen accumulation, translocation, grain yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP_N) of different treatments were analyzed.【Result】Film mulching significantly increased N accumulation pre-silking, promoted N accumulation post-silking and N translocation during vegetative stage, and thus significantly increased grain N accumulation and yield. Mulching models×N fertilizer and Mulching models×plant density significantly affected N uptake, accumulation and translocation in spring maize. Under the film mulching, more N fertilizer amounts (200-230 kgN·hm^-2) or plant density (6.5×10⁴-8.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2) improved N translocation during vegetative stage, N assimilation post-silking and its contribution to grain, so it significantly increased grain N accumulation. However, under non-mulching, above amount of 170 kgN·hm^-2 or plant density of 5.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2decreased N accumulation post-silking and its contribution to grain, which failed to increase grain N accumulation. N fertilizer×plant density had a significant effect on the N uptake, accumulation and translocation. PFP_N and N harvest index (NHI) were positively related to N accumulation pre- and post- silking, translocated N and grain yield, which reached at a significant level. Comprehensive considering grain yield and PFP_N, the N application of 200-230 kgN·hm^-2 and plant density of 8.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 with film mulching system could achieve high yield of 13.7-14.6 t·hm^-2and high PFP_N of 64.8-68.7 kg·kg^-1in spring maize on the Loess Plateau in northwest China.【Conclusion】The integrated management practice with film mulching, optimal nitrogen rate and plant density could promote the synergistic increase of N accumulation post-silking and N translocation from vegetative organs during grain filling, which was the fundamental reason for increasing grain yield and N fertilizer production efficiency.

Key words: spring maize, film mulching, nitrogen rate, plant density, nitrogen translocation, yield, nitrogen production efficiency, Loess Plateau

李婷，李世清，占爱，刘建亮. 地膜覆盖、氮肥与密度及其互作对黄土旱塬春玉米氮素吸收、转运及生产效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(8): 1504-1517.

LI Ting, LI ShiQing, ZHAN Ai, LIU JianLiang. Effects of Film Mulching, Nitrogen Fertilizer, Plant Density and Its Interaction on Nitrogen Accumulation, Translocation and Production Efficiency of Spring Maize on Dryland of Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(8): 1504-1517.

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