轮耕模式对黄淮海冬小麦夏玉米两熟区的土壤改良效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.020

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】针对黄淮海地区长期采用单一土壤旋耕作业存在的弊端，研究由秸秆覆盖深松、秸秆还田旋耕和秸秆还田深耕组成的不同轮耕模式对黄淮海两熟区农田的土壤改良效应。【方法】连续6年定位实施5种轮耕模式：连年旋耕（CRT，CK）、连年深松（CST）、连年深耕（CDT）、深耕/旋耕（DT/RT）和深耕/旋耕/旋耕（DT/RT/RT），研究各轮耕模式对冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤三相比R值、土壤有机碳储量、全氮储量、土壤酶活性、土壤呼吸速率和作物经济效益的影响。【结果】轮耕模式、耕层深度、年份对土壤三相比R值、土壤有机碳储量、全氮储量和酶活性存在显著或极显著影响。与连年旋耕相比，连年深松模式有利于表层土壤有机碳储量、氮储量、土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性的积累，而连年深耕、深耕/旋耕和深耕/旋耕/旋耕轮耕模式有利于增加10—40 cm土层的有机碳储量、氮储量、土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性，促进土壤营养均匀分布。随着轮耕年限的增加，0—40 cm土层的R值呈整体降低趋势，而土壤有机碳储量、全氮储量呈整体增加趋势，其中深耕/旋耕和深耕/旋耕/旋耕轮耕模式表现更为明显。与试验开展前相比，秸秆全量还田下的连年旋耕、连年深松、连年深耕、深耕/旋耕和深耕/旋耕/旋耕模式在0—40 cm土层的R值分别降低20.8%、33.1%、29.5%、29.7%和30.7%，有机碳储量分别增加6.4%、14.5%、16.0%、20.6%和23.8%，全氮储量分别增加3.1%、11.1%、11.6%、13.3%和15.7%。轮耕对土壤呼吸速率存在极显著影响，与连年旋耕相比，连年深松、连年深耕、深耕/旋耕和深耕/旋耕/旋耕模式冬小麦季的土壤呼吸速分别提高20.7%、19.3%、13.7%和9.2%，夏玉米季分别提高19.1%、18.1%、15.2%和10.4%。但与连年深耕相比，深耕/旋耕和深耕/旋耕/旋耕模式冬小麦季的土壤呼吸速率分别显著降低5.9%和9.6%，夏玉米季分别降低3.3%和7.3%。其中，深耕/旋耕/旋耕模式冬小麦季的土壤呼吸速率比深耕/旋耕降低4.1%，夏玉米季降低4.3%。轮耕、年份及其交互对作物产量和经济效益存在极显著影响。对5种轮耕模式6年的作物周年产量和经济效益综合分析，以深耕/旋耕模式最高，但深耕/旋耕和深耕/旋耕/旋耕模式的作物产量和效益差异均不显著。深耕/旋耕/旋耕、深耕/旋耕、连年深耕和连年深松的周年产量比连年旋耕分别增加18.9%、21.4%、12.9%和15.7%，其经济效益比连年旋耕分别增加31.9%、36.2%、20.3%和25.4%。【结论】深耕/旋耕/旋耕轮耕模式能够改善耕层结构，增加土壤耕层碳氮储量和根区酶活性，且显著降低农田碳排放量，增产增收效果明显，为黄淮海地区冬小麦-夏玉米两熟制农田适宜的轮耕模式，其次是深耕/旋耕轮耕模式。

关键词: 三相比R值, 土壤有机碳, 土壤全氮储量, 土壤酶活性, 土壤呼吸, 经济效益

Abstract: 【Objective】A long-term practice of applying single soil rotary tillage pattern in this area has caused soil compaction, poor ability in retaining rainwater and providing nutrients. Effects of different rotational tillage patterns, which were pairwise combined with subsoiling (ST), rotary tillage (RT) and deep tillage (DT) with straw mulching, on soil long-term improvement effects were studied in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping area of Huang-Huai-Hai region.【Method】The experiments of CRT (continuous rotary tillage), CST (continuous subsoiling), CDT (continuous deep tillage), DT/RT (rotary tillage in first year, deep tillage in second year, again deep tillage followed by alternating the next year) and DT/RT/RT (deep tillage in first year, rotary tillage in second year, rotary tillage in third year, again deep tillage followed by alternating the next year) were conducted before sowing winter wheat, and different rotational tillage patterns on the ratios of soil solid-liquid-gaseous, soil organic carbon storage, soil total nitrogen storage, soil enzyme activities, soil respiration, and crop economic benefits were analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that, there were significant effects of rotational tillage, soil depth and tillage year on the ratios of soil solid-liquid-gaseous, soil carbon organic storage, soil total nitrogen storage and soil enzyme activities. Compared with CRT, the CST patterns increased soil organic carbon sequestration, soil total nitrogen storage, soil urease and invetase activities of surface soil, and CDT, DT/RT, DT/RT/RT increased soil organic carbon sequestration, soil total nitrogen storage, soil urease and invetase activities at 10-40 cm soil layer of winter wheat and summer maize. With the increasing cultivation, the R value at 0-40 cm soil layer under the five rotational tillage patterns showed a trend of overall decrease, and the soil organic carbon storage and soil total nitrogen storage showed a trend of overall increase. The effect of DT/RT, DT/RT/RT was more significantly. Compared to pretreatment, the R values under CRT, CST, CDT, DT/RT, DT/RT/RT were significantly decreased by 20.8%, 33.1%, 29.5%, 29.7%, 30.7%, while the soil organic carbon storage significantly increased by 6.4%, 14.5%, 16.0%, 20.6%, 23.8% and the soil total nitrogen storage increased by 3.1%, 11.1%, 11.6%, 13.3%, 15.7%, respectively. There were significant effects of rotational tillage on the soil respiration rate. Compared with CRT, CST, CDT, DT/RT, and DT/RT/RT increased soil respiration rate by 20.7%, 19.3%, 13.7%, and 9.2% during winter wheat season, and increased by 19.1%, 18.1%, 15.2%, and 10.4% during summer maize season, respectively. However, DT/RT, DT/RT/RT declined soil respiration rate by 5.9%, 9.6% during winter wheat season, and declined by 3.3%, 7.3% during summer maize season, respectively, relative to CDT. Compared with DT/RT, the soil respiration rate of DT/RT/RT was declined by 4.1% during winter wheat season and declined by 4.3% during summer maize season. Rotational tillage, tillage year and tillage×year had significant effects on crop yield and economic benefits. Through comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the winter wheat and summer maize annual grain yield and economic benefits of five rotational tillage patterns in six years, DT/RT was the best, but DT/RT/RT had no significant difference relative to DT/RT. Compared with CRT, the average annual yields of 6 years under DT/RT/RT, DT/RT, CDT, CST were increased by 18.9%, 21.4%, 12.9%, 15.7%, and the average economic benefits were increased by 31.9%, 36.2%, 20.3%, 25.4%, respectively.【Conclusion】DT/RT/RT improved good tilth soil structure, increased the distribution of soil organic carbon characteristics, total nitrogen storage and enzyme activities of root zone in the top soil layer, declined farmland carbon emission, improved significantly crop yields and economic benefits. Therefore, DT/RT/RT can be selected as an suitable tillage practice for double-crop system of winter wheat-summer maize in Huang-huai-hai area, followed by DT/RT rotation tillage.

Key words: ratio of soil solid-liquid-gaseous, soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen storage, soil enzyme activities, soil respiration, economic benefits

于淑婷，赵亚丽，王育红，刘卫玲，孟战赢，穆心愿，程思贤，李潮海. 轮耕模式对黄淮海冬小麦夏玉米两熟区的土壤改良效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 2150-2165.

YU ShuTing, ZHAO YaLi, WANG YuHong, LIU WeiLing, MENG ZhanYing, MU XinYuan, CHENG SiXian, LI ChaoHai. Improvement Effects of Rotational Tillage Patterns on Soil in the Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Double Cropping Area of Huang-Huai-Hai Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 2150-2165.

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