玉米机械粒收质量现状及其与含水率的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】机械粒收技术是现代玉米生产的关键技术，是国内外玉米收获技术发展的方向和中国玉米生产转方式的关键。明确当前中国玉米机械粒收质量的现状，研究影响收获质量的主要因素，推动玉米机械粒收技术发展。【方法】利用2011—2015年在西北、黄淮海和东北和华北玉米产区15个省（市）168个地块获得的1 698组收获质量样本数据，分析当前中国玉米机械粒收质量的现状及其影响因素。【结果】结果表明，籽粒破碎率平均为8.63%，杂质率为1.27%，田间损失籽粒（落穗、落粒合计）为24.71 g·m^-2，折合每亩损失16.5 kg，平均损失率为4.12%，破碎率高是当前中国玉米机械粒收存在的主要质量问题。收获玉米籽粒平均含水率为26.83%，含水率与破碎率、杂质率及机收损失率之间均呈极显著正相关。其中，破碎率（y）与籽粒含水率（x）符合二次多项式y=0.0372x²-1.483x+20.422（R²=0.452**，n=1 698），在一定含水率范围内（含水率大于19.9%），破碎率随籽粒含水率增大而增大。【结论】当前中国玉米机械粒收时破碎率偏高，而籽粒含水率高是导致破碎率高的主要原因。对此，建议选育适当早熟、成熟期籽粒含水率低、脱水速度快的品种，适时收获，配套烘干存贮设施等作为中国各玉米产区实现机械粒收的关键技术措施。

关键词: 玉米, 籽粒机械收获, 收获质量, 籽粒含水率, 破碎率

Abstract: 【Objective】Grain mechanical harvesting is the key technology of modern production of maize, and a developing direction of maize harvesting technology at home and abroad. Making clear the current problems of maize mechanical harvesting technology, and studying the main factors that affect the quality of combine harvest maize are important to promote the development of maize grain harvesting technology in China. 【Method】Since 2011, a number of experiments and demonstration of maize grain harvesting have been carried out in maize production regions, including the northwest, Northeast and North, and huang-huai-hai maize production regions. By the year of 2015, a total of 1 698 sets of sample data of grain harvesting quality were obtained from 168 plots of maize field in 15 provinces. 【Result】The results showed that, (1) the average grain breakage rate was 8.63%, the impurity rate was 1.27%, total grain yield loss of ear and kernel was 24.71 g·m^-2, equivalent to the loss grain yield of 16.5 kg/667m², the average total grain loss rate was 4.12%. The high grain breakage rate was the main quality problem for maize grain harvesting in China. The relationship between grain moisture content and broken rate can be fitted by the equation of quadratic polynomial, which is y=0.0372x²-1.483x+20.422(R²=0.452**, n=1698). In a certain range of kernel moisture content (＞19.9%), grain breakage rate increased with the increase of grain moisture content. 【Conclusion】At present, grain breakage rate for maize grain mechanical harvesting in China is high, and the high moisture content of kernel is the main controlling factor. It is recommended to select maize hybrids which have the characteristics such as appropriate early maturing, low moisture content of grain and rapid dry-down at mature period, and to harvest at right moment, and to match grain drying and storage facilities, are the key measurements to achieve grain mechanical harvesting in maize production areas in China.

Key words: maize, grain mechanical harvesting, quality of harvest, grain moisture content, grain breakage rate

柴宗文，王克如，郭银巧，谢瑞芝，李璐璐，明博，侯鹏，刘朝巍，初振东，张万旭，张国强，刘广周，李少昆. 玉米机械粒收质量现状及其与含水率的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 2036-2043.

CHAI ZongWen, WANG KeRu, GUO YinQiao, XIE RuiZhi, LI LuLu, MING Bo, HOU Peng, LIU ChaoWei, CHU ZhenDong, ZHANG WanXu, ZHANG GuoQiang, LIU GuangZhou, LI ShaoKun. Current Status of Maize Mechanical Grain Harvesting and Its Relationship with Grain Moisture Content[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 2036-2043.

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