中国农业科学 ›› 2017, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (6): 990-1015.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.06.003

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 • 上一篇    下一篇

马铃薯遗传育种研究:现状与展望

徐建飞,金黎平   

  1. 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所/农业部薯类作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2016-08-10 出版日期:2017-03-16 发布日期:2017-03-16
  • 通讯作者: 金黎平,E-mail:jinliping@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:徐建飞,E-mail:xujianfei@caas.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-10)

Advances and Perspectives in Research of Potato Genetics and Breeding

XU JianFei, JIN LiPing   

  1. Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2016-08-10 Online:2017-03-16 Published:2017-03-16

摘要: 马铃薯是世界第三大粮食作物,马铃薯产业的可持续发展对保障世界和中国的粮食安全具有重要意义。优良品种是支撑马铃薯产业发展的基础。马铃薯经常遭受病虫害的侵袭和非生物胁迫,加工业的迅速发展和人们对食物营养的重视,迫切需要选育出更抗病、更耐逆、更高产、更优质和专用的马铃薯新品种。培育一个优良马铃薯品种,种质资源是基础,重要性状的遗传学是理论指导,先进的育种技术是保障,完善的推广和栽培模式是支撑。世界范围内,保存了大约65 000份马铃薯种质资源,通过对种质资源抗病、抗逆和品质方面的系统评价,并应用多种资源利用技术,将三大类约17个野生种的种质导入到普通栽培种中,应用于育种和遗传学研究。利用纯合双单倍体材料作为测序对象,马铃薯基因组序列已经被揭示,预测出了39 031个蛋白编码基因,目前更多的种质资源正在被重测序以揭示更多的等位变异。马铃薯普通栽培品种是无性繁殖四倍体作物,具有四体遗传特性,尽管如此,许多植株发育和形态、块茎品质和抗病抗逆等重要性状的遗传特性基本明确,并定位和克隆了大量重要性状相关基因。目前,马铃薯育种技术主要涵盖传统育种技术、倍性育种技术、标记辅助选择育种技术、基因工程育种技术和新兴的基因组选择育种技术。中国马铃薯遗传育种研究队伍不断壮大,品种选育取得了重大进展。荷兰马铃薯遗传育种水平居于世界前列,合作育种模式推动了商业化育种。不断完善马铃薯综合育种技术,创新育种模式和机制,充分利用现有种质资源培育突破性、专用型品种将是未来马铃薯遗传育种发展的主要方向。

关键词: 马铃薯, 育种, 遗传学, 现状, 展望

Abstract: Potato, the third most important food crop, plays a key role in global and China’s food security. Improvement of varieties is a base for sustainable development of potato industry. Potatoes frequently suffer from diverse biotic and abiotic stress, so it is urgent to breed new varieties with better disease resistance, stress tolerance, tuber yield and quality as well as specific usage to meet the needs of potato processing and people nutrition. Potato breeding is a system combining germplasm evaluation and utilization, major traits genetics analysis, breeding technology application and variety extension and crop management together. Within a global conservation strategy there are about 65,000 accessions. Using a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone, 86% of the 844-megabase genome sequence are revealed and assembled, and 39,031 protein-coding genes are predicted. At present, re-sequencing of potato accessions is in process. Common cultivated potato is an asexual propagation tetraploid with tetrasomic inheritance and high heterozygosity. Nevertheless, inheritance of many major traits involving plant development and morphology, tuber quality, disease resistance and stress tolerance are revealed. A lot of genes determining potato major traits are mapped and cloned. Potato breeding technology involves conventional breeding, ploidy manipulation, marker-assisted selection, genetic engineering and promising genomic selection for complex traits. Since 1949, China potato breeding has achieved great progress that is reflected on growth of number of registered varieties. Dutch potato breeding ranks among the best in world and participatory potato breeding model is a successful practice for commercial breeding. In the future, it is a trend to breed superior and specific purpose varieties based on improvement of integrated breeding technology, innovation of breeding model and germplasm utilization.

Key words: potato, breeding, genetics, perspectives, advances