芽变选种推动世界苹果和柑橘产业优质高效发展案例解读

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.04.011

中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4): 755-768.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.04.011

芽变选种推动世界苹果和柑橘产业优质高效发展案例解读

陈学森¹(),伊华林²,王楠¹,张敏³,姜生辉⁴,徐娟²,毛志泉¹,张宗营¹,王志刚⁵,姜召涛⁶,徐月华⁷,李建明⁸

¹山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室/农业农村部黄淮海地区园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
²华中农业大学园艺植物生物学教育部重点实验室/农业部华中地区园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室/柑橘研究所,武汉 430070
³浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院/省部共建亚热带森林培育国家重点实验室,杭州 311300
⁴青岛农业大学园艺学院/青岛市园艺植物遗传改良与育种重点实验室,山东青岛 266109
⁵山东省果茶技术推广站,济南 250013
⁶烟台市果茶工作站,山东烟台 264001
⁷蓬莱市果树工作总站,山东蓬莱 265600
⁸甘肃省静宁果树果品研究所,甘肃静宁 743400

收稿日期:2021-05-06 接受日期:2021-08-27 出版日期:2022-02-16 发布日期:2022-02-23
通讯作者: 陈学森
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(31730080);山东省泰山学者攀登计划(tspd20161005)

Interpretation of the Case of Bud Sports Selection to Promote the High-Quality and Efficient Development of the World’s Apple and Citrus Industry

CHEN XueSen¹(),YIN HuaLin²,WANG Nan¹,ZHANG Min³,JIANG ShengHui⁴,XU Juan²,MAO ZhiQuan¹,ZHANG ZongYing¹,WANG ZhiGang⁵,JIANG ZhaoTao⁶,XU YueHua⁷,LI JianMing⁸

¹College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Huanghuaihai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai’an 271018
²Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Citrus Research Institute,Wuhan 430070
³College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University/State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Hangzhou 311300
⁴College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University /Qingdao Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic Improvement and Breeding, Qingdao 266109, Shandong
⁵Shandong Fruit-Tea Technology Promotion Station, Jinan 250013
⁶Yantai Fruit-Tea Technology Promotion Station, Yantai 264001, Shandong
⁷Fruit Tree Work Station of Penglai, Penglai 265600, Shandong
⁸Fruit Tree Research Institute of Jingning, Gansu, Jingning 743400, Gansu

Received:2021-05-06 Accepted:2021-08-27 Online:2022-02-16 Published:2022-02-23
Contact: XueSen CHEN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

综述了植物表观遗传和果树芽变选种研究进展,深度解析芽变选种推动世界苹果和柑橘产业优质高效发展的经典案例,主要结果概述如下：（1）DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰等引起的表观遗传,广泛参与了植物各种生长发育过程及逆境胁迫响应;（2）果树芽变选种是优中选优,具有高效性、重演性、稳定性、多样性、多效性、表观遗传特性和实效性等6个特点,目前已选出苹果和柑橘等果树芽变品种600余个;（3）针对‘富士’和‘元帅’苹果及脐橙和温州蜜柑两类果树4个品种存在的问题,采用持续多代芽变选种技术,育成了系列新品种,形成了庞大的品种群,成为产业主栽品种,推动了产业的优质高效发展。因此,将来应加强两方面的工作：一是进一步加强果树芽变机理研究,推进育种技术创新。二是进一步提升果树芽变选种创新性及其推动果树产业发展重要性的认识,采用孟德尔遗传与表观遗传、常规技术与分子技术及杂交育种和芽变选种有机结合的技术路线,加大果树芽变选种及杂交新品种优系选育研究力度,为果树产业高质量发展提供品种支持。

关键词: 孟德尔遗传, 表观遗传学, 果树芽变选种, ‘富士’和‘元帅’苹果, 脐橙和温州蜜柑

Abstract:

This review summarized the research progress of plant epigenetics and fruit tree bud sports selection, and analyzed the classic cases of bud sports selection promoting the high-quality and efficient development of the word’s apple and citrus industries. The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Epigenetics caused by DNA methylation and histone modification, etc., was widely involved in various plant growth and development processes and adversity stress responses; (2) The selection of fruit tree bud sports was the best among the best. It had six characteristics, such as high efficiency, reproducibility, stability, diversity and pleiotropy, epigenetic characteristics, and practical effects. At present, more than 600 varieties of fruit tree bud sports have been selected, such as apples and citrus; (3) In response to the problems of the four varieties of Fuji, Delicious, Navel Oranges and Satsuma Mandarin, a series of new varieties have been bred using continuous multi-generation bud sports selection technology, forming a huge variety group and promoting the high-quality and efficient development of the industry. Therefore, two aspects should be further studied in the future: one is to further strengthen the mechanism of fruit tree bud sports and to promote the innovation of breeding technology; The second is to further enhance the awareness of the innovation of fruit tree bud sports selection and to further strengthen the understanding of the importance of the fruit tree industry, and the technical route of combining Mendelian inheritance and epigenetic inheritance should be adopt, combining conventional and molecular technology as well as hybrid breeding and bud sports selection, so as to increase the research efforts of fruit tree bud sports selection and new varieties breeding, and provide varieties support for the high-quality development of the fruit tree industry.

Key words: Mendelian inheritance, epigenetics, selection of fruit tree buds, Fuji and Delicious apples, navel orange and Satsuma mandarin

陈学森, 伊华林, 王楠, 张敏, 姜生辉, 徐娟, 毛志泉, 张宗营, 王志刚, 姜召涛, 徐月华, 李建明. 芽变选种推动世界苹果和柑橘产业优质高效发展案例解读[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(4): 755-768.

CHEN XueSen, YIN HuaLin, WANG Nan, ZHANG Min, JIANG ShengHui, XU Juan, MAO ZhiQuan, ZHANG ZongYing, WANG ZhiGang, JIANG ZhaoTao, XU YueHua, LI JianMing. Interpretation of the Case of Bud Sports Selection to Promote the High-Quality and Efficient Development of the World’s Apple and Citrus Industry[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(4): 755-768.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.04.011

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I4/755

图/表 7

表1

果树芽变的多样性及芽变选种育成的品种"

类型 Type	变异性状 Variant trait	果树种类 Fruit tree species	芽变品种数量 Number of sports varieties	芽变机理 Mechanism of sports
果实成熟期 Fruit maturity	早熟 Early ripening	苹果^[55]、柑橘^[22]、梨^[56,57]、葡萄^[58]、桃^[59] Apple^[55], citrus^[22], pear^[56,57], grape^[58], peach^[59]	18+11+15+1+3=48	不详 Unknown
果实成熟期 Fruit maturity	晚熟 Late ripening	苹果^[55]、柑橘^[1,22]、梨^[56,57] Apple^[55], citrus^[1,22], pear^[56,57]	64+9+20=93	不详 Unknown
果实形状 Fruit shape	多倍体变异 Polyploid variation	葡萄^[28]、梨^[29,30] Grape^[28], pear^[29,30]	1+2=3	染色体加倍 Chromosome doubling
	大果型 Large fruit	苹果^[60]、柑橘^[1,14]、梨^[56,57] Apple^[60], citrus^[1,14], pear^[56,57]	88+1+5=94	不详 Unknown
	高桩型 High pile	苹果^[55,60,61] Apple^[55,60,61]	60	不详 Unknown
果皮颜色 Peel color	红色 Red	苹果^[55,60,61]、梨^[37-38,56] Apple^[55,60,61], pear^[37-38,56]	122+64=186	DNA甲基化 DNA methylation
	白色 White	葡萄^[58] Grape^[58]	1	反转录转座子的插入 Retrotransposon insertion
	褐色 Brown	梨^[62] Pear^[62]	1	不详 Unknown
果肉颜色 Flesh color	红色 Red	柑橘^[1,24]、猕猴桃^[63] Citrus^[1,24], kiwifruit^[63]	11+5=16	基因结构的突变 Gene structure mutations
果肉颜色 Flesh color	黄色 Yellow	桃^[64] Peach^[64]	1	不详 Unknown
果肉质地 Fruit texture	脆肉 Crispy	苹果^[65] Apple^[65]	1	不详 Unknown
果肉风味 Fruit flavor	高糖 High sugar	梨^[57]、龙眼^[66] Pear^[57], longan^[66]	1+2=3	不详 Unknown
果肉风味 Fruit flavor	香味浓 Strong flavor	柑橘^[14] Citrus^[14]	2	不详 Unknown
树型 Tree type	短枝型 Short branch	苹果^[2,55,61] Apple^[2,55,61]	87	表观遗传 Epigenetic
树型 Tree type	柱型 Cylindricality	威赛克苹果^[54] Wijcik^[54]	1	反转录转座子的插入 Retrotransposon insertion
抗性 Resistance	抗寒 Cold resistance	苹果^[55]、梨^[57]、葡萄^[58] Apple^[55], pear^[57], grape^[58]	20+15+2=37	不详 Unknown
抗性 Resistance	抗病 Disease resistance	柑橘^[1,14]、梨^[57]、香蕉^[67] Citrus^[1,14], pear^[57], banana^[67]	1+36+1=38	不详 Unknown

表1

图1

表2

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表3

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品种名称 Variety name	1984		1987		1990
品种名称 Variety name	面积（万公顷） Area (Ten thousand hm²)	占比 Proportion (%)	面积（万公顷） Area (Ten thousand hm²)	占比 Proportion (%)	面积（万公顷） Area (Ten thousand hm²)	占比 Proportion (%)
国光Ralls	6.7	34.4	11.8	25.9	8.8	18.1
金帅Golden Delicious	4.2	21.5	8.2	18.1	7.1	14.6
元帅系Delicious	3.2	16.4	11.2	24.7	14.5	29.8
红富士Red Fuji	0.0	0.0	7.8	17.1	10.8	22.2
青香蕉White Winter Pearmain	1.9	9.9	1.9	4.2	2.6	5.4
秋花皮BenDavis	1.2	6.1	0.8	1.7	0.0	0.0
红玉Jonathan	0.8	4.0	0.5	1.2	0.7	1.5
祝光American Summer pearmain	0.5	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
白粉皮Baifenpi	0.2	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
伏花皮Fuhuapi	0.2	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
印度Indian Green	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.5	0.7	1.4
乔纳金Jonagold	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.5
北斗Hokuto	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.9
其他Others	0.5	2.4	2.9	6.4	2.7	5.6
合计Total	19.5	100	45.4	100	48.7	100

国家 Country	果树种类 Fruit tree species	果实类型 Types of fruit	芽变主要性状 Main trait of sports varieties	不变性状 Invariable	周年供应的技术途径 Technical channels of annual supply
美国 US	‘元帅’苹果 Delicious	呼吸跃变型 Respiratory Climacteric	红色、短枝型 Red, short branch type	中熟、不耐贮 Medium ripening, poor storage tolerance	以优质、不耐贮、中熟“元帅系”品种群为主的品种结构+发达的冷链贮藏保鲜技术与设备 Variety structure dominated by high-quality, non storable and medium ripening “Delicious” variety groupd + eveloped cold chain storage and preservation technology and equipment
中国 China	‘长富2号’苹果 Changfu 2	呼吸跃变型 Respiratory Climacteric	红色、短枝型 Red, short branch type	晚熟、耐贮 Late ripening, good storage tolerance	以优质、耐贮、晚熟“富士系”品种群为主的品种结构+适当的贮藏保鲜技术与设备 Variety structure dominated by high-quality, storable and late ripening “Fuji” + appropriate storage and preservation technology and equipment
日本、美国、澳大利亚和中国等 Japan, US, Australia and China	脐橙和温州蜜柑 Navel orange and Satsuma mandarin	非呼吸跃变型 Non- Respiratory Climacteric	早熟、晚熟 Early ripening, late ripening	鲜食品质 Fresh eating quality	熟期配套品种+生态布局+留树保鲜等栽培措施 Supporting varieties at maturity + ecological layout + tree preservation and other cultivation measures

芽变选种推动世界苹果和柑橘产业优质高效发展案例解读

Interpretation of the Case of Bud Sports Selection to Promote the High-Quality and Efficient Development of the World’s Apple and Citrus Industry

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