关于果树种质资源与遗传育种若干问题的理解与思考

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

综述了果树种质资源与遗传育种研究进展及若干问题的理解与思考,主要结果如下：1.中国虽然是柑橘、苹果、梨、桃、龙眼、枇杷、香蕉、猕猴桃、李、杏、枣和柿等多种果树的起源演化中心（之一）,是世界上最大的果树资源国,但野生种质和名特优地方品种的发掘、创新与利用有待进一步加强。2.按照遗传变异的来源,果树常规育种主要有杂交育种和芽变选种两个途径;果树杂种一代广泛分离,每一次育种都选择杂种优势最强的基因型,通过无性繁殖成为新的营养系品种,并在生产上长期利用,而显性、超显性和上位性3大假说是杂种优势形成的主要遗传基础;对‘富士’和‘鲁丽’苹果、‘玫瑰香’葡萄及‘山农酥’梨等新品种及其亲本主要性状分析发现,选择具有互补性状的品种作为杂交亲本,并选择遗传背景复杂的品种作为杂交母本,是果树杂种优势高效利用及其亲本选择选配的重要结论;杂交育种是根据产业的品种需求确定育种目标,进行亲本选择与选配,培育双亲性状互补、杂种优势明显的新品种,而芽变选种是利用体细胞自然突变及其表观遗传对生产上的主栽品种个别性状进行修缮和改良;因此,杂交育种和芽变选种有机结合是解决果树产业品种问题的重要技术途径。3.面对国家乡村振兴的战略需求及关于“坚持凭能力、实绩、贡献评价人才,克服唯学历、唯资历、唯论文等倾向”的人才评价机制改革,深度解读了农业科技人员必须坚持“理论与技术创新并重及良种良法配套”的科研思路及其经典案例。

关键词: 果树, 种质资源, 杂交育种, 芽变选种, 理论与技术, 良种与良法

Abstract:

This review summarized the research progress of fruit tree germplasm resources and genetic breeding as well as the understanding and thinking of several issues. The main results were as follows: 1. Although China was the world’s largest fruit tree resource country and the origin and evolution center (one of) of many fruit trees, such as citrus, apple, pear, peach, longan, loquat, banana, kiwi, plum, apricot, jujube and persimmon, the discovery, innovation and utilization of wild germplasm and famous local varieties needed to be further strengthened. 2. According to the source of genetic variation, the fruit tree breeding mainly had two approaches: hybrid breeding and bud sports selection; the first generation of fruit tree hybrids was widely separated, and the genotype with the strongest heterosis was selected for each breeding. It became a new variety through asexual reproduction, and was used for a long time in production. The three hypotheses of dominant, superdominant and epistasis were the main genetic basis of heterosis; the analysis of the main characters of the new varieties of Fuji and Luli apples, Muscat Hamburg grape, and Shannongsu pear and their parents showed that selecting varieties with complementary traits as hybrid parents and selecting varieties with complex genetic background as female parents were important guidelines for the efficient utilization of fruit tree heterosis. Hybrid breeding was to determine the breeding goals according to the variety needs of the industry, to carry out parental selection and matching, and to breed new varieties with complementary parental traits and obvious heterosis. Bud mutation selection was the use of somatic natural mutations and epigenetics to repair and improve the individual traits of the main plant varieties in production; therefore, the organic combination of hybrid breeding and bud sports selection was an important technical approach to solve the variety problem of fruit tree industry. 3. In the face of rural revitalization and the country’s reform of the talent evaluation mechanism of “Persist in evaluating talents based on ability, actual performance and contribution, and overcome the tendency of only education, qualifications, and papers”, this review explained the scientific research ideas and classic cases that agricultural scientists must adhere to “Equal emphasis on technological innovation and the combination of good varieties and methods”.

Key words: fruit tree, germplasm resource, hybrid breeding, bud sports selection, theory and technology, good varieties and good methods

陈学森,王楠,张宗营,毛志泉,尹成苗. 关于果树种质资源与遗传育种若干问题的理解与思考[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(17): 3395-3410.

CHEN XueSen,WANG Nan,ZHANG ZongYing,MAO ZhiQuan,YIN ChengMiao. Understanding and Thinking About Some Problems of Fruit Tree Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3395-3410.

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亲本 Parent	品种名称 Variety name	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	果实发育期 Fruit development period (d)	耐贮性 Storability	基因型 Genotype	香味 Fruit fragrance
母本 Female	国光 Ralls	140	170	较耐贮 More storable	ACS1-2/-2	淡 Slight
父本 Male	元帅 Delicious	210	145	不耐贮 Not storable	ACS1-2/-1	浓 Strong
新品种 New variety	富士 Fuji	230	170	极耐贮 Extremely storable	ACS1-2/-2	浓 Strong

亲本 Parent	品种名称 Varieties name	果皮颜色 Fruit peel color	香味 Fruit fragrance
母本 Female	黑罕 Trollinger	黑紫色 Black purple	无玫瑰香味 No rose fragrance
父本 Male	白玫瑰 Alexandrie	白绿色 White green	玫瑰香味 Rose fragrance
新品种 New varieties	玫瑰香 Muscat Hamburg	黑紫色 Black purple	玫瑰香味 Rose fragrance

亲本 Parent	品种名称 Variety name	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	果实发育期 Fruit development period (d)	耐贮性 Storability	基因型 Genotype	炭疽叶枯病抗性 Resistance to anthracnose leaf blight
母本 Female	藤木一号 Tengmu 1	160	90	不耐贮 Not storable	ACS1-2/-1	抗 Resistant
父本 Male	嘎啦 Royal Gala	180	125	不耐贮 Not storable	ACS1-2/-2	不抗 Not resistant
新品种 New varieties	鲁丽 Luli	180	110	耐贮 Storable	ACS1-2/-2	抗 Resistant

亲本 Parent	品种名称 Variety name	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)	果实发育期 Fruit development period (d)	耐贮性 Storability	肉质 Flesh quality	抗氧化能力 Oxidation resistance
母本 Female	新梨7号 Xinli No.7	253	120	耐贮 Storable	肉细,较脆 Delicate, crispy	较强 Stronger
父本 Male	砀山酥梨 Dangshansu	240	145	耐贮 Storable	中粗,酥脆 Coarse, crisp	差 Weak
新品种 New varieties	山农酥梨 Shannongsu	460	175	极耐贮 Extremely storable	肉细,酥脆 Delicate, crisp	强 Strong

育种途径 Breeding approach	遗传方式 Inheritance pattern	变异来源 Source of variation	变异机理 Mechanism of variation	变异性状 Variable traits	解决问题 Solved problem
杂交育种 Hybrid breeding	孟德尔遗传 Mendelian inheritance	性细胞 Sexual cell	基因分离、组合、互作与修饰 Separation, combination, interaction and modification of genes	全部性状,但不能重复 All traits, cannot be repeated	产业对新品种的需求 Industry’s demand for new varieties
芽变选种 Bud sports selection	表观遗传 Epigenetic	体细胞 Somatic cell	基因和蛋白修饰 Gene and protein modification	个别性状,可重复发生 Individual traits, can be repeated	生产主栽品种个别性状改良 Improvement of individual traits of main planted varieties