饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能、血液指标、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能、血液指标、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响,为荷斯坦阉牛育肥提供理论依据。【方法】选择体重在650 kg左右的健康的荷斯坦阉牛39头,随机分为3组（n=13）。试验期为255 d（预试期10 d、正试期245 d）。试验前期（1—87 d）3组分别为低能量组（LE）、中能量组（ME）、高能量组（HE）,NE_mf分别为6.10、6.30、6.50 MJ·kg^-1,CP水平均为11.6%;试验后期（88—245 d）分为3个阶段,Ⅰ（88—130 d）、Ⅱ（131—188 d）、Ⅲ（189—245 d）阶段,不同阶段的各试验组饲粮能量和粗蛋白质水平相同, NE_mf分别为6.7、7.20、7.29 MJ·kg^-1,CP水平均为11.5%。于试验前期和后期结束时进行生产性能等指标测定,每组随机选择6头牛采集血液进行血液生化指标测定并进行屠宰,测定屠宰性能和肉品质等。【结果】提高试验前期饲粮能量水平,显著提高了荷斯坦阉牛HE组的日增重,较LE组和ME组分别提高了21.50%（P<0.05）和17.12%（P<0.05）,但饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛后期和全期的平均日增重、料重比无显著影响（P>0.05）。在试验前期,血清中的TG含量显著增加,高低次序均表现为HE组>ME组>LE组,HE组血清中LPL含量最高,较LE组、ME组分别提高了35.17%（P<0.05）、9.92%;HE组血清中NEFA含量最高,较LE组显著提高了13.16%（P<0.05）,与ME组无显著差异。而在试验后期,LE组血清中LPL含量较ME组、HE组显著提高18.47%（P<0.05）、26.17%（P<0.05）。不同饲粮能量水平显著提高了荷斯坦阉牛胴体重,HE组最高,较LE组和ME组提高了6.26%、5.26%;HE组屠宰率极显著LE组和ME组,分别提高了4.86%（P<0.05）、4.10%（P<0.05）,而对眼肌面积、大理石花纹等级无显著差异（P>0.05）。饲粮能量水平对pH、蒸煮损失、剪切力、失水率以及色差无影响（P>0.05）;HE组背最长肌粗脂肪含量最高,较LE组和ME组分别显著提高了52.54%（P<0.05）、57.45%（P<0.05）。【结论】在本试验条件下,荷斯坦阉牛采取直线高能育肥模式较好,在体重650—770 kg阶段,饲粮NE_mf水平为6.50 MJ·kg^-1,CP水平为11.6%饲喂效果最佳。

关键词: 能量, 荷斯坦阉牛, 生产性能, 屠宰性能, 肉品质

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of dietary energy level on the production performance, blood index, slaughter performance and meat quality of Holstein steers were studied in this study, so as to provide a theory basis for fattening of Holstein steers.【Method】Thirty-nine healthy Holstein steers weighing about 650 kg were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups(n=13). The trial period was 255 d (the preparation period for 10 days and formal experiment period for 245 days). In the early stage of trial (from day 1 to 87), the three groups were low energy group (LE), medium energy group (ME), and high energy group (HE). The NE_mf were 6.10, 6.30, and 6.50 MJ·kg^-1, respectively, and the CP levels were 11.6%; the late stage of the test (from day 88 to 245) was divided into three stages, I (from day 88 to 130), II (from day131 to 188) and III (from day189 to 245). The dietary energy and CP level of each experimental group was the same in different stages, NE_mf was 6.7, 7.20, and 7.29 MJ·kg^-1, respectively, and CP level was 11.5%.The production performance and other indicators were measured at the end of the early and later period of the feeding experiment. Six steers in each group were randomly selected to collect blood for blood biochemical indicators measurement and to slaughter for slaughtering performance and meat quality measurement.【Result】Compared with LE group and ME group, the average daily gain(ADG) of HE group were increased by 21.50% (P<0.05) and 17.12% (P<0.05) , respectively, but there was no significant effect of dietary energy level on the ADG and feed to weight ratio of Holstein steer in the late and whole period (P>0.05).In the early stage of trial, the serum TG content increased significantly, the high and low order was HE group >ME group>LE group, the LPL content in HE group was the highest, which was 35.17% (P<0.05) and 9.92% higher than that in LE group and ME group, respectively; the NEFA content in HE group was the highest, which was 13.16% (P<0.05) higher than that in LE group, and there was no significant difference with that in ME group. At the later stage of trial, the LPL content of LE group was significantly increased by 18.47% (P<0.05) and 26.17% (P<0.05) compared with ME group and HE group.The carcass weight of Holstein steers was significantly increased by different dietary energy levels, the highest in HE group, which was 6.26% and 5.26% higher than that in LE group and ME group; the slaughter rate in HE group was 4.86% (P<0.05) and 4.10% (P<0.05) higher than that in LE group and ME group, but there was no significant difference in eye muscle area and marbling grade (P>0.05). The dietary energy level had no effect on pH, drop loss, shear force, dehydration rate and colorimetric values (P>0.05); the content of fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle of HE group was the highest, which was significantly increased by 52.54% (P<0.05) and 57.45% (P<0.05) compared with LE group and ME group, respectively.【Conclusion】Under the conditions of this experiment, it was better to adopt the straight-line high-energy fattening mode for Holstein steer. In the stage of body weight 650-770 kg, the level of NE_mf was 6.50 MJ·kg^-1, and the level of CP was 11.6%.

Key words: energy, Holstein steers, growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality

张美琦,李妍,李树静,高艳霞,李建国,曹玉凤,李秋凤. 饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛生产性能、血液指标、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(1): 203-212.

ZHANG MeiQi,LI Yan,LI ShuJing,GAO YanXia,LI JianGuo,CAO YuFeng,LI QiuFeng. Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on Production Performance, Blood Index, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Holstein Steers[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1): 203-212.

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项目 Items	前期Early period（1-87 days）			后期Later period（88-245 days）
项目 Items	LE组 LE group	ME组 ME group	HE组 HE Group	Ⅰ (88-130 days)	Ⅱ (131-188 days)	Ⅲ (189-245 days)
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn	29.73	35.35	40.50	49.40	59.20	63.00
麸皮 Wheat bran	1.30	1.10	1.02	2.75	7.63	2.10
豆粕 Soybean meal	2.15	2.38	2.53	8.40	7.50	8.70
棉粕 Cottonseed meal	5.11	5.24	4.98	2.75	1.00	0.00
全棉籽 Cotton seed						3.48
甜菜颗粒 Beet pulp						2.40
干酒糟及其可溶物 Distillers dried grains with soluble（DDGS）	4.80	4.10	4.15	1.36	1.80	1.00
石粉 Limestone	0.39	0.46	0.52	0.77	0.85	0.70
维生素预混料^① Vitamin premix	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
微量元素预混料^② Trace element premix	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
氯化铵 NH₄Cl	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.27
小苏打 NaHCO₃	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.20
食盐 Salt	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.35	0.35
酵母培养物 Yeast culture						0.80
氧化镁 MgO						0.60
稻草 Rice straw	10.00	9.46	7.95	32.50	20.00	15.00
全株玉米青贮 Whole corn silage	35.55	32.38	30.00
花生秧 Peanut vine	8.90	7.46	6.28
合计 Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平^③ Nutrient level
综合净能 NE_mf MJ·kg^-1	6.10	6.30	6.50	6.70	7.20	7.29
粗蛋白质 CP	11.60	11.59	11.60	11.50	11.56	11.50
钙 Ca	0.65	0.65	0.65	0.65	0.65	0.60
磷 P	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.29	0.33	0.29
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	30.88	28.91	26.78	31.64	24.81	21.45
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	17.64	16.27	15.61	17.90	12.50	11.36

项目 Items		组别Groups			SEM	P
项目 Items		LE	ME	HE	SEM	P
初始体重 Initial weight (kg)		653.33	653.69	654.17	13.573	0.998
试验前期末重Final weight of early stage of trial (kg)		746.50	750.40	767.07	16.438	0.422
试验后期末重 Final weight of later stage of trial (kg)		906.17	905.62	922.50	23.252	0.714
试验前期 Early stage of trial	日增重 ADG (kg)	1.07b	1.11b	1.30a	0.070	0.006
	平均干物质采食量 ADMI (kg)	12.64	12.80	14.25	0.831	0.182
	料重比 F/G	11.86	11.51	10.94	0.574	0.284
试验后期 Later stage of trial	日增重 ADG (kg)	1.01	0.98	0.98	0.060	0.879
	平均干物质采食量 ADMI (kg)	14.26	13.79	14.28	0.341	0.264
	料重比 F/G	14.17	14.14	14.63	0.772	0.784
全期 Whole stag	日增重 ADG (kg)	1.03	1.01	1.10	0.056	0.266
	平均干物质采食量 ADMI (kg)	14.13	13.75	14.34	0.296	0.140
	料重比 F/G	13.77	13.72	13.18	0.633	0.594

阶段 Stages	项目 Items	组别Groups			SEM	P
阶段 Stages	项目 Items	LE	ME	HE	SEM	P
试验前期 Early stage of trial	β-羟丁酸 β-HB (μmol·L^-1)	2.84	2.79	2.73	0.104	0.585
	脂蛋白酯酶 LPL (ng·mL^-1)	4.18b	5.14ab	5.65a	0.591	0.056
	甘油三酯 TG (mmol·L^-1)	0.42b	0.47ab	0.49a	0.031	0.067
	游离脂肪酸 NEFA (mmol·L^-1)	0.38b	0.40ab	0.43a	0.018	0.050
试验后期 Later stage of trial	β-羟丁酸 β-HB (μmol·L^-1)	2.40	2.39	2.17	0.134	0.162
	脂蛋白酯酶 LPL (ng·mL^-1)	7.57a	6.39b	6.00b	0.386	0.001
	甘油三酯 TG (mmol·L^-1)	0.36	0.31	0.39	0.407	0.143
	游离脂肪酸 NEFA (mmol·L^-1)	0.24	0.22	0.23	0.012	0.151

项目 Items	组别Groups			SEM	P
项目 Items	LE	ME	HE	SEM	P
宰前活重Live weight before slaughter (kg)	895.50	897.17	907.17	20.375	0.827
胴体重Carcass weight (kg)	511.64b	516.53ab	543.68a	13.804	0.073
屠宰率Slaughter rate (%)	57.14b	57.57b	59.93a	0.767	0.005
眼肌面积Eye muscle area (cm²)	81.25	78.42	88.25	5.771	0.247
背膘厚度Back fat thickness (mm)	2.25	2.08	2.30	0.388	0.847
大理石花纹等级(5分制) Beef marbling score	3.28	3.11	3.33	0.203	0.531

级别 Grade	总计 Total (%)	组别Groups
级别 Grade	总计 Total (%)	LE	ME	HE
<2级 (%)	3.70		3.70
3 (%)	51.85	14.81	18.52	18.52
3⁺ (%)	33.33	18.52	7.41	7.41
4^- (%)	11.11		3.70	7.41