微喷补灌对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.14.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探明微喷补灌对冬小麦开花后旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒灌浆速率、产量和水分利用效率的影响，为小麦节水高产提供重要技术支持。【方法】于2011—2013年冬小麦生长季，选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22，设置全生育期不灌水（W0）、微喷补灌（W1）和传统畦灌（W2）处理，研究小麦开花后旗叶水势、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase，CAT）活性、叶绿素荧光参数、群体光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率等的差异。W1与W2处理的灌水时期一致，均于小麦拔节期和开花期各灌水1次。W1处理采用小麦专用微喷带（ZL201220356553.7）补充灌溉，灌水前测定土壤含水量。两年度小麦拔节期均设定0—140 cm土层土壤目标相对含水量为70%，第一年和第二年小麦开花期设定0—140 cm土层土壤目标相对含水量分别为70%和65%，根据灌水定额公式计算所需补灌水量。W2处理采用传统畦灌方式灌溉，改口成数为90%，即当水流前锋到达畦长长度的90%位置时停止灌水，用水表计量实际灌水量。W1与W2处理试验小区的规格一致，畦宽（左侧畦梗中心线至右侧畦梗中心线的垂直距离）2 m，畦梗宽0.4 m，畦长60 m，面积120 m²。小区间设1.0 m保护行。每小区等行距种植8行小麦，实际行距22.9 cm。W1处理的每个试验小区在自边行向内数第4行与第5行小麦之间沿小麦种植行向（畦长方向）铺设一条专用微喷带。微喷带进水端装有压力表、水表和闸阀，进水端水压设为0.02 MPa。灌溉水水源为井水，从水源至微喷带和畦田进水端采用PVC水龙带输水。畦灌的单宽流量为4.6—5.2 L·m^-1·s^-1。【结果】两年度微喷补灌处理在小麦拔节期和开花期的补灌水量分别为21.3—96.0 mm和29.0—38.5 mm，灌水分布均匀系数达87.9%—97.0%，不低于传统畦灌处理，而全生育期总灌水量比传统畦灌处理减少33.2—70.8 mm，节水21.0%—54.2%。微喷补灌处理开花后旗叶水势、SOD和CAT活性、丙二醛含量、旗叶最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率，及群体光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率、籽粒产量均与全生育期灌2水的传统畦灌处理无显著差异，但水分利用效率提高2.1—2.9 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1，达21.6—23.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。【结论】小麦拔节期和开花期微喷补灌可以根据灌水前的降水量和土壤含水量状况及时调节补灌水量，并实施精确、均匀灌溉，适量供给小麦高产生理需水，挖掘出小麦节水的更大潜力。

关键词: 小麦, 微喷, 补灌, 畦灌, 旗叶衰老, 光合特性, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of the experiment is to study the effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses on flag leaves senescence, photosynthetic rate, grain filling rate, grain yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat. 【Method】 Field experiments were carried out in 2011-2013 growth seasons, using high-yield wheat cultivar Jimai 22. Three irrigation treatments were arranged with no irrigation during the whole growth stage (W0), supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses (W1), traditional border irrigation (W2), to explore the changes of winter wheat under different treatments in leaf water potential, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, canopy apparent photosynthetic rate, grain filling rate, and so on. The irrigation stage in W1 was the same as that in W2. they were all irrigated once at jointing stage and anthesis stage respectively. W1 was irrigated with the micro-sprinkling hoses special for wheat (ZL201220356553.7). The soil water content was measured before irrigation. The target relative soil moisture content in the 0–140 cm soil layer after supplemental irrigation at jointing was set as 70% of field water capacity in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. The target relative soil moisture content in the 0–140 cm soil layer after supplemental irrigation at anthesis was set as 70% and 65% of field water capacity in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, respectively. The amount of the supplemental irrigation was calculated according to the irrigation quota formula. W2 was irrigated by the traditional border irrigation method. The inflow cutoff was set as 90% of border length, namely, stopping irrigation when the water reached 90% of the border length. The amount of irrigation was measured by water meter. W1 was the same as W2 in the specifications of experiment plot. In each experimental plot, the border width (the vertical distance between the center of two adjacent border ridges) was 2 m; the border ridge width was 0.4 m; the border length was 60 m and the plot area was 120 m². A 1.0 m wide unirrigated zone was maintained between adjacent plots to minimize the effects of adjacent treatments. Eight rows of winter wheat were planted in each experimental plot with row spacing of 22.9 cm. The micro-sprinkling hose was laid between the fourth and the fifth rows of wheat. A pressure-regulated valve and a flow-meter were installed at the head of each micro-sprinkling irrigation hose. The working pressure of each micro-sprinkling irrigation hose was 0.02 MPa. The irrigation water was pumped from well and then was transported to the inlet of micro-sprinkling irrigation hose or border through the PVC belt. The discharge per unit width of border irrigation was 4.6-5.2 L·m^-1·s^-1.【Result】During the two growth seasons, the supplemental irrigation amounts of W1 were 21.3-96.0 mm at jointing and 29.0-38.5 mm at anthesis. The irrigation water distribution uniformity of W1 reached 82.7%-97.0% after irrigation, not lower than that of the border irrigation with inflow cutoff designed as 90% (W2). The total irrigation amount of W1 reduced by 33.2-70.8 mm, saving 21.0%-54.2% of irrigation water, compared to that of W2. In contrast, there was no significant difference between W1 and W2 in the flag leaf water potential, the activities of SOD and CAT, the content of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, the flag leaf maximum photochemical efficiency, actual photochemical efficiency, canopy apparent photosynthetic rate, grain filling rate, and grain yield. The water use efficiency of W1 increased by 2.1-2.9 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1 and reached 21.6-23.2 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1. 【Conclusion】 The irrigation amount applied at jointing and anthesis can be adjusted according to the precipitation and soil water content before irrigation by supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses, to moderately supply the physiological water requirement of winter wheat for high-yield, and the irrigation water also can be uniformly and accurately sprayed into the field. This technology can excavate greater potential of winter wheat for water-saving.

Key words: wheat, micro-sprinkling hoses, supplemental irrigation, border irrigation, flag leaf senescence, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, water use efficiency

徐学欣，王东. 微喷补灌对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(14): 2675-2686.

XU Xue-xin, WANG Dong. Effects of Supplemental Irrigation with Micro-Sprinkling Hoses on Flag Leaves Senescence and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(14): 2675-2686.

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