覆膜种植对甘南高寒区苜蓿生长和杂草数量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.04.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】甘南高寒区缺乏适宜的苜蓿栽培和苜蓿草地杂草防除技术，严重影响了该区域苜蓿和草地畜牧业的发展。研究不同覆膜种植方式对甘南高寒区种植当年苜蓿和杂草生长的影响，为建立优质苜蓿草地提供依据。【方法】在甘肃省夏河高寒草地，比较垄沟覆膜、平膜、垄沟和普通种植方式对苜蓿和杂草生长的影响。【结果】普通种植和垄沟种植下的苜蓿株高分别为14.4和19.1 cm，显著低于垄沟覆膜和平膜种植（P＜0.05）。垄沟覆膜下的苜蓿一级分枝数为7.7个，显著高于平膜（5.2个）、垄沟（4.8个）和普通种植（4.5个，P＜0.05）。垄沟覆膜和平膜种植的苜蓿主茎粗分别为2.70 mm和2.50 mm，两者间无显著差异（P＞0.05），但均显著高于垄沟和普通种植（P＜0.05）。垄沟覆膜下的苜蓿根颈粗为6.19 mm，显著高于平膜种植（5.29 mm）（P＜0.05）；平膜种植下的苜蓿根颈粗显著高于垄沟种植（3.99 mm），垄沟种植下的苜蓿根颈粗显著高于普通种植（2.80 mm）（P＜0.05）。垄沟覆膜种植下的苜蓿根颈入土深度为2.73 cm，显著高于平膜种植（2.24 cm）（P＜0.05）。与普通种植和垄沟种植相比，垄沟覆膜种植苜蓿根颈入土深度分别提高了56.0%和29.4%。垄沟覆膜种植下的苜蓿干草产量为1 503.2 kg·hm^-2，显著高于平膜种植（1 089.6 kg·hm^-2）、垄沟种植（317.6 kg·hm^-2）和普通种植（224.4 kg·hm^-2）（P＜0.05）。高寒区垄沟覆膜和平膜种植下0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40和0—40 cm土层的苜蓿根体积、根表面积和根生物量均显著高于垄沟种植和普通种植（P＜0.05）；除30—40 cm土层外，垄沟种植均显著高于普通种植（P＜0.05）。供试苜蓿人工草地种植的第一年，共发现21种杂草，主要以香薷、乳浆大戟、节裂角茴香和藜等一年生杂草为主。垄沟和普通种植下的杂草物种数最多，分别为14.3和13.3种，二者间无显著差异（P＞0.05）；但均显著高于平膜（9.7种）和垄沟覆膜种植（9.3种）；后二者间也无显著差异（P＞0.05）。杂草总密度最高的是垄沟种植，为272.3株/m²，高于普通种植（241.7株/m²）；二者显著高于平膜（74.0株/m²）和垄沟覆膜种植（86.0株/m²）（P＜0.05）。杂草地上部分生物量干重最高的是垄沟覆膜种植，为186.8 g·m^-2；其次为平膜处理（157.7 g·m^-2）、垄沟（88.5 g·m^-2）和普通种植（79.0 g·m^-2）。【结论】利用黑色地膜进行的垄沟覆膜和平膜处理提高了甘南高寒区苜蓿种植当年的株高、主茎粗、根颈粗、根颈入土深度和干草产量，显著提高了苜蓿的根系生物量、根表面积和根体积，提高了优势杂草的生物量和株高，极大降低了杂草物种类和密度。

关键词: 高寒区, 垄沟覆膜, 平膜, 苜蓿, 杂草, 生长特性, 根颈, 根系特征

Abstract: 【Objective】Lacking the appropriate cultivation techniques of alfalfa and weed control technology in the Gannan alpine region has seriously affected the development of the alfalfa and animal husbandry. In order to provide a basis for the establishment of alfalfa grassland, the effects of different planting methods on the growth characteristics of alfalfa and weeds in the Gannan alpine region were studied. 【Method】The experiments were conducted in Xiahe alpine meadows, Gansu province. Four planting method treatments included I: black plastic film mulching on ridge and furrow, II: black plastic film mulching parallel to the ground, III: ridge and furrow, and Ⅳ: common planting methods were designed to discover the effects of those four treatments on the growth characteristics of alfalfa and weeds. 【Result】 The alfalfa height of the treatment of III (19.1 cm) and Ⅳ (14.4 cm) were significantly lower than that of the treatment I and II (P＜0.05). Under treatment I, the branch number of alfalfa can be up to 7.7 per plant, significantly higher than that of treatment II( 5.2), III(4.8) and Ⅳ(4.5) (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference between the treatment I (2.70 mm) and II (2.50 mm) for the main stem diameter (P＞0.05), but both of them were significantly higher than III and Ⅳ (P＜0.05). The alfalfa crown diameter of treatment I was 6.19 mm, significantly higher than that of the treatment II (5.29 mm) (P＜0.05), the treatment II was significantly higher than that of the treatment III (3.99 mm), and the treatment Ⅳ (2.80 mm) was significantly lower than that of the former three (P＜0.05). Crown depth of treatment I was 2.73 cm, significantly higher than II (2.24 cm) (P＜0.05). Compared with the treatment III and Ⅳ, alfalfa crown depth of I increased by 56.0 % and 29.4 %. Under the condition of I, dry matter of alfalfa forage production was up to 1 503.2 kg·hm^-2, significantly higher than that of the treatment II (1 089.6 kg·hm^-2), III (317.6 kg·hm^-2) and Ⅳ (224.4 kg·hm^-2) (P＜0.05). The root volume, root surface area, and root biomass of treatment I and II were significantly higher than treatment III and Ⅳ at the depth from 0 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30, 30 to 40 cm and 0 to 40 cm (P＜0.05). The root volume, root surface area. The root volume, root surface area, and root biomass at the deep from 0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm, 20 to 30 cm and 0 to 40 cm of the treatment III was significantly higher than that of the treatment Ⅳ except that of the deep from 30 to 40 cm(P＜0.05). In the first planting year of artificial alfalfa, 21 kinds of weeds were found. The main weeds included Nepeta cataria, Euphorbia esula, Hypecoum leptocarpum, Chenopodium album and some other annual plants. The number of weed species of treatment III and Ⅳ were 14.3 and 13.3 respectively, and there was no significant difference between III and Ⅳ (P＞0.05); while both of them were significantly higher than that of the treatment I (9.3) and II (9.7). The highest total density of weeds was the treatment III and was 272.3 plant/m², then the treatment Ⅳ (241.7 plant/m²); and the former two were significantly higher than that of the treatment I (86.0 plant/m²) and II (74.0 plant/ m²) (P＜0.05). Dry matter of weeds aboveground of treatment I was the highest for 186.8 g·m^-2, then was the treatment II (157.7 g·m^-2), III (88.5 g·m^-2) and Ⅳ (79.0 g·m^-2). 【Conclusion】Both using black plastic film mulch on ridge and furrow and film mulch parallel to the ground improved the plant height, main stem diameter, crown diameter, crown depth and the dry matter of alfalfa, significantly increased alfalfa root biomass, roots surface area and root volume. Also, it improved dominant weed biomass and weed plant height, while greatly reduced the number of weed species and density.

Key words: alpine region, film mulching on ridge and furrow, film mulching parallel to the ground, alfalfa, weeds, growth characteristics, root crown, root characteristic

鱼小军，柴锦隆，徐长林，师尚礼，肖红，马隆喜，曹国顺. 覆膜种植对甘南高寒区苜蓿生长和杂草数量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(4): 791-801.

YU Xiao-jun, CHAI Jin long, XU Chang-lin, SHI Shang-li, XIAO Hong, MA Long-xi, CAO Guo-shun. Effects of Different Planting Methods on Growth of Alfalfa and Weeds in Gannan Alpine Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(4): 791-801.

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