不同熟期春玉米品种的籽粒灌浆特性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.18.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确目前东北地区主推不同熟期春玉米品种粒重形成过程的籽粒灌浆特性，为玉米籽粒发育调控和熟期选择提供理论依据。【方法】选用东北区40个不同熟期的高产春玉米品种。在同一环境条件下，采用60 000株/hm²大田种植。调查各品种出苗至成熟的生育天数，依据生育期对不同品种的熟期进行分类，研究不同熟期品种产量和百粒重的差异；运用Logistic模型解析不同熟期品种的籽粒灌浆过程，分析积累起始势、灌浆速率、灌浆时间等籽粒灌浆参数及其与产量相关性。【结果】依据联合国粮农组织标准，东北地区目前主推的玉米高产品种按生育期长短可分为中熟（I）、中晚熟（II）、晚熟（III）和超晚熟（IV）4类，其中晚熟品种最多（50%），生育期121—130 d，其次为超晚熟品种（25%），生育期131—140 d，中熟品种和中晚熟品种最少（均为12.5%），生育期分别为101—110 d和111—120 d。60 000株/hm²试验密度下，4个类型品种以晚熟品种产量最高，超晚熟品种次之，中熟品种产量最低；中熟品种产量比晚熟、超晚熟和中晚熟品种分别低45%、44%和35%。中晚熟、晚熟和超晚熟品种产量无显著差异（P＞0.05），但显著高于中熟品种（P＜0.05）。灌浆初期，中熟品种百粒重最低，超晚熟品种百粒重最高，灌浆30 d后，中晚熟品种百粒重增长速度最快，中熟品种百粒重增长速度最慢。4类熟期品种籽粒灌浆速率均呈单峰曲线变化，中熟品种的灌浆峰值最高，超晚熟品种最低。各品种达到灌浆峰值后，超晚熟品种灌浆速率下降最慢，中熟品种下降最快。运用Logistic方程可较好地拟合籽粒灌浆过程（R＞0.99），将各熟期品种灌浆过程划分为渐增期、快增期和缓增期，中熟品种籽粒灌浆参数中积累起始势（R₀）、最大灌浆速率（R_max）、渐增期持续时间（T₁）、快增期和缓增期灌浆速率（v₂, v₃）明显高于其他熟期类型品种，其灌浆活跃期（P）、快增期和缓增期持续时间（T₂, T₃）及渐增期灌浆速率（v₁）则明显低于其它熟期类型品种。相关分析表明，不同熟期品种产量与灌浆活跃期、有效灌浆时间（t₃）、渐增期灌浆速率、快增期和缓增期持续时间极显著正相关；与积累起始势、最大灌浆速率、渐增期持续时间、快增期和缓增期灌浆速率极显著负相关。【结论】中熟品种灌浆启动快，灌浆活跃期和有效灌浆时间短，中晚熟、晚熟和超晚熟品种灌浆启动慢，灌浆活跃期和有效灌浆时间长；在保证籽粒安全成熟前提下，延长灌浆活跃期、有效灌浆时间、快增期和缓增期持续时间，提高渐增期灌浆速率，有利于提高不同熟期玉米产量。

关键词: 春玉米, 熟期, 籽粒灌浆, 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】 A field experiment was conducted to illustrate grain-filling characteristics of maize hybrids differing in maturities in northeast China, aimed to provide scientific information for the regulation of grain weight and selection of maturity.【Method】 Forty high-yield hybrids differing in maturities were used as experimental materials, and they were planted according to 60 000 plants/hm² with the same environmental conditions. The days of seedling emergence to maturity were investigated, and the whole growing days were applied to divide the maturity of different maize hybrids. The difference of yield and 100-kernel weight of maize hybrids differing in maturities was studied, and the grain-filling processes of maize hybrids differing in maturities were analyzed by Logistic model. The grain-filling parameters of initial grain-filling potential, grain-filling rate and grain-filling duration and their relation to yield were calculated. 【Result】 The results indicated that forty maize hybrids were divided into 4-type maturities according to the whole growing days on the basis of the criterion of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the type I is medium maturity, the type II is mid-late maturity, the type III is late maturity, the type IV is supper-late maturity, respectively. The ratio of type III was 50% and 121-130 d with the whole growing days, the highest among these 4 types, the type I and II were the lowest (12.5%), 101-110 d and 111-120 d with the whole growing days, the ratio of type IV was 25% and 131-140 d with the whole growing days. The yield of late maturity was all the highest among these 4 types, the second of supper-late maturity and the lowest in medium maturity, lower 45%, 44% and 35% than the late maturity, supper-late maturity and mid-late maturity. The yield of mid-late maturity, late maturity and supper-late maturity were not different significantly (P＞0.05), but remarkably higher than medium maturity under trial density (P＜0.05). Initial stage of grain-filling, the 100-kernel weight of medium maturity was the lowest, and highest in the supper-late maturity. After 30 days of grain-filling, the 100-kernel growth rate of mid-late maturity was the fastest among these 4 types, and the slowest in the medium maturity. The tendency of grain-filling rate of these 4 types was expressed in single peak curve; the peak value of medium maturity was the highest, and the lowest in the supper-late maturity. After the peak of grain-filling, the grain-filling rate of supper-late maturity decreased the slowest, and fell the fastest in the medium maturity. The grain-filling processes of maize hybrids differing in maturities were analyzed by Logistic model, and the total filling period could be divided into early stage, middle stage and late stage. The initial grain-filling potential (R₀), maximum grain-filling rate (R_max), grain-filling duration of early stage (T₁), grain-filling rate of middle stage and late stage (v₂, v₃) of medium maturity were significantly higher than other three types in this trial, but the active grain-filling period (P), grain-filling duration of middle stage and late stage (T₂, T₃), grain-filling rate of early stage (v₁) were remarkably lower than the other three types. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that active grain-filling period, effective grain-filling time (t₃), grain-filling duration of early stage, grain-filling rate of middle stage and late stage were significantly and positively correlated to yield, and initial grain-filling potential, maximum grain-filling rate, grain-filling duration of early stage, grain-filling rate of middle stage and late stage were significantly and negatively correlated to yield. 【Conclusion】 Medium maturity varieties were quickly in launch of grain-filling, short time of active grain-filling period and effective grain-filling time, but the mid-late maturity, late maturity and supper-late maturity varieties were slowly in launch of grain-filling, long time of active grain-filling period and effective grain-filling time. Prolonging the active grain-filling period, effective grain-filling time, grain-filling duration of middle stage and late stage and enhancing the mean grain-filling rate of early stage can improve grain yield of maize hybrids differing in maturities.

Key words: spring maize, maturity, grain-filling, yiel

王晓慧，张磊，刘双利，曹玉军，魏雯雯，刘春光，王永军，边少锋，王立春. 不同熟期春玉米品种的籽粒灌浆特性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(18): 3557-3565.

WANG Xiao-hui, ZHANG Lei, LIU Shuang-li, CAO Yu-jun, WEI Wen-wen, LIU Chun-guang, WANG Yong-jun, BIAN Shao-feng, WANG Li-chun. Grain Filling Characteristics of Maize Hybrids Differing in Maturities[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(18): 3557-3565.

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