滴灌施肥对免耕冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.10.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】为解决黄淮海平原麦区冬小麦滴灌用水量和合理的水肥配合等问题，以山东省桓台县免耕农田为试验点，系统研究了滴灌施肥对土壤水分垂直运移、冬小麦产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率等的影响。【方法】采用测墒补灌和生育期滴灌施肥相结合的方法，以常规漫灌施肥处理为对照。设置65 mm（W1）、98 mm（W2）、130 mm（W3）、195 mm（W4）和260 mm（W5）5个滴灌梯度水平处理。在130 mm滴灌水平下，分别于冬小麦的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期和灌浆期5个生育时期设置相应的氮磷钾肥料配比，采用氮磷钾3个因素，每个因素4个水平的二次饱和D-最优设计方法进行田间试验。氮、磷、钾4个水平分别为：0水平（0、0、0），1水平（94.5、42.4、59.2 kg•hm-2），2水平（189、84.7、118.3 kg•hm-2）和3水平（270、121、169 kg•hm-2）。【结果】测墒补灌试验结果表明，W1、W3和W5处理滴灌后土壤水分主要向下运移至60、80和100 cm以下土层。滴灌量越大，土壤水分垂直运移深度越大。滴灌量260 mm时存在灌溉水深层渗漏的风险；W1处理在整个生育期土壤含水量明显低于其他滴灌处理，滴灌量130 mm以上的处理，整个生育期0—80 cm土层的含水量为田间持水量的75%—80%；滴灌施肥处理与常规漫灌施肥处理相比显著增加了冬小麦的有效穗数，不同滴灌处理中灌溉量与穗粒数呈正相关关系，与千粒重呈负相关关系；滴灌量130 mm时，小麦籽粒产量最高；滴灌显著提高了冬小麦的水分利用效率，并以W3处理最高，达2.28 kg•m-3；对滴灌施肥试验的拟合结果表明，试验区冬小麦最佳N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为206.63、86.72和88.07 kg•hm-2。【结论】在黄淮海平原地区免耕冬小麦采用测墒补灌和滴灌施肥相结合的方法可以显著提高水分利用效率和小麦籽粒产量，较常规对照分别提高了57.46%和21.13%。主要原因是滴灌后水分向下运移至作物根区内，减少了灌溉水深层渗漏的风险，促进了作物对随水施入肥料的吸收。合理的滴灌施肥配比下总体可节水51.85%，节约氮肥23.47%、磷肥28.33%和钾肥47.89%。

关键词: 冬小麦 , 滴灌施肥 , 水分利用效率 , 产量

Abstract: 【Objective】On the issues of drip irrigation water consumption and rational application of water and fertilization in the winter wheat belt region of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, no-tillage fields were chosen as experimental sites located in Huantai, Shandong Province to carry out a systematic study on the effects of drip fertigation on soil moisture vertical migration, winter wheat grain yield and its components and water use efficiency (WUE).【Method】The study adopted the methods of irrigation recharge by measuring soil moisture and drip fertigation in the main growth period compared with conventional flood irrigation and fertilization treatment. Five drip irrigation level treatments including 65 mm (W1), 98mm (W2), 130 mm (W3), 195 mm (W4) and 260 mm (W5) were designed. The corresponding NPK ratio was set up at tillering stage, joining stage, booting stage, young flowering and filling stages of winter wheat under the 130mm of irrigation treatment level and 3 factors of NPK and 4 levels quadratic saturation D-optimization design were adopted for field experiment. The 4 levels of N, P, K were that “0 level” with 0, 0, 0, “1 level” with 94.5, 42.4 and 59.2 kg•hm-2, “2 level” with 189, 84.7 and 118.3 kg•hm-2, “3 level” with 270, 121 and 169 kg•hm-2.【Result】The results of experiment showed that the more drip irrigation amount is, the deeper soil moisture vertical migration will be, the soil moisture vertical migration of W1, W3 and W5 treatments moved to 60, 80 and 100 cm, and could get risk of water percolation while drip irrigation level achieved 260 mm. Soil moisture content of W1 treatment was obviously lower than others, 130 mm and above drip irrigation treatment made soil moisture content at 0-80 cm soil layers over 75%-80% of the field moisture capacity during the growth period. Compared with conventional flood irrigation and fertilization treatment, the drip fertigation significantly increased the effective panicles of winter wheat. The drip irrigation amount had a positive correlation with grain number per spike and a negative correlation with 1000-grain weight in different drip irrigation treatments. The grain yield was the highest when irrigation amount was 130 mm. Drip irrigation apparently increased water use efficiency (WUE) and with the highest of W3 treatment that was 2.28 kg•m-3. Experimental fitting results indicated that the optimal fertilizer amount of N, P2O5 and K2O in pilot area was 206.63, 86.72 and 88.07 kg•hm-2. 【Conclusion】It was concluded that the winter wheat in no-tillage fields by irrigation recharge by measuring soil moisture and drip fertigation significantly increased, WUE and yield by 57.46% and 21.13% in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, respectively, compared with conventional treatment. The main reason was that the water moved to crop roots area after drip irrigation that could reduce the risk of water percolation and promote fertilizer-absorbing with water. The rational ratio of drip fertigation could totally make water saving by 51.85%, N, P, K fertilizer saving, respectively, by 23.47%, 28.33% and 47.89%.

Key words: winter wheat , drip fertigation , water use efficiency , yield

陈静1, 2, 王迎春1, 李虎1, 王立刚1, 邱建军1, 肖碧林1. 滴灌施肥对免耕冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(10): 1966-1975.

CHEN Jing-1, 2 , WANG Ying-Chun-1, LI Hu-1, WANG Li-Gang-1, QIU Jian-Jun-1, XIAO Bi-Lin-1. Effects of Drip Fertigation with No-Tillage on Water Use Efficiency and Yield of Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(10): 1966-1975.

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