辽西半干旱区垄膜沟种方式对春玉米水分利用和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.10.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】春玉米是辽西地区的主要作物，其整个生育期需水量较多，但该区降水资源短缺且降水变率大，时空分布不均，有限降水难以满足春玉米高产稳产所需。垄膜沟种可有效汇集天然降水，提高降水资源化程度，开展相关研究以充分有效地利用该区有限的自然降水，提高农田水分利用效率，促进玉米稳产高产。【方法】2007—2013年在辽宁朝阳地区进行玉米垄膜沟种微集雨种植试验，研究不同种植模式对土壤水分、玉米产量和农田水分利用效率的影响。试验设垄膜沟种（沟内不覆盖,T1）、垄膜沟覆秸秆（T2）、垄膜沟覆膜（T3）和传统种植（CK）4种处理，随机区组设计，3次重复。传统种植为垄沟种植，行距50 cm，垄膜沟种方式为沟垄相间排列，沟宽80 cm，垄宽40 cm，垄高15 cm，垄上覆膜为集雨区，沟为种植区，种植2行玉米。各处理种植密度为52 500株/hm2左右,种肥为磷酸二铵（375 kg•hm-2，N 18%，P2O5 46%）,拔节初期追施尿素（375 kg•hm-2，N 46%）。【结果】垄膜沟种微集雨种植可有效汇集天然降雨，2009年和2010年玉米出苗率分别提高13.0%和14.9%，出苗时间提前1—2 d。前期长时间无有效降雨的情况下，一场有效降雨过后，土壤贮水量增加幅度依次为T2＞T1＞CK＞T3，T1和T2种植区水分入渗深度至少达到60 cm，而CK水分入渗深度只有40 cm，产流效率为61%，T1和T2蓄墒增加率分别为72%和88%。各处理生育期间土壤水分平均值从大到小依次为T2＞T1＞T3＞CK，其值分别为140.93、135.27、127.85和118.98 mm，较对照分别增加18.45%、13.69%和7.46%。2007—2013年，T1—T3产量比对照分别增产24.31%—32.58%、9.95%—17.81%、32.12%—37.16%、16.58%—27.96%、2.50%—9.40%、10.85%—29.33%和4.14%—17.95%，T1、T2和T3较对照平均增产幅度分别为14.52%、20.01%和23.44%。2007—2012年，T1—T3水分利用效率较对照分别增加24.66%—36.07%、14.12%—23.73%、38.34%—53.89%、29.07%—35.68%、1.20%—19.60%和9.02%—32.55%，T1、T2和T3水分利用效率较对照平均增加幅度分别为20.39%、27.94%和28.02%。在相对干旱年份，产量和水分利用效率增加幅度较大。【结论】通过连续7年进行旱作农田垄膜沟种微集雨种植试验，明晰了该技术模式在辽西半干旱地区的集雨、蓄水和保墒效果，有效减轻春季干旱对春播保苗和幼苗生长造成的不利影响，丰富了辽西半干旱地区旱作集水农业的理论基础。通过该项技术的推广应用，可有效提高该区降水资源利用率和农田水分利用效率，使玉米稳产高产，从而促进该区旱作农业健康、可持续发展。该项研究对中国北方旱作集水农业的发展也具有重要的借鉴意义。

关键词: 半干旱区 , 春玉米 , 垄膜沟种 , 产量 , 水分利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】 Spring corn was the staple crop in Liaoxi area, but the shortage of precipitation and the big precipitation variation and its uneven distribution of time and space are the key limiting factor in the area. The limited rainfall can not meet the demand of stable and high yield of spring corn. Ridge film mulching and furrow seeding can collect natural precipitation effectively and improve rainfall resource availability. The purpose of this study is to make full use of the limited natural rainfall, improve water use efficiency of dry farming area and promote high and stable yield of spring corn.【Method】 Micro- rainwater-collecting planting mode by ridge film mulching and furrow seeding for spring corn was carried out for the sake of studying the effect of different planting patterns on soil water, yield and water use efficiency in 2007-2013. Four treatments were made in this experiment: ridge film mulching and furrow seeding (furrow was uncovered, T1), ridge film mulching and furrow straw mulching (T2), ridge and furrow film mulching (T3) and the traditional planting (CK). The experiment was designed by random grouping and repeated three times. The traditional planting was sowing in furrows, line spacing was 50 cm. Ridges and furrows of ridge film mulching and furrow seeding were in opposite arrangement, furrow width was 80 cm and ridge width was 40 cm, ridge height was 15 cm. The ridge was the rain collecting area. The furrow was the planting area and two lines of corn were planted. Planting density of different treatments was 52 500 plants/hm2. Seed manure was diammonium phosphate（375 kg•hm-2, N 18%, P2O5 46%）and topdressing was urea (375 kg•hm-2, N 46%).【Result】 The results showed that the ridge film mulching and furrow seeding could collect natural rainwater effectively, raise emergence rate of spring corn by 13.0% and 14.9% and emergence time was 1-2 d early in 2009-2010. Under the condition of no effective rainfall for a long time in early days, the order of increase of soil water storage in different treatments was T2＞T1＞CK＞T3 after an effective rainfall. T1 and T2 enhanced water infiltration depth to 60㎝ in planting area compared with the control, which was 40 cm. The runoff efficiency was 61% and the rate of increase of soil moisture storage of T1 and T2 was 72% and 88%. The average of soil water of T1, T2, T3 and the control was 135.27 mm, 140.93 mm, 127.85 mm and 118.98 mm during growth stages of spring corn, increased by 13.69%, 18.45% and 7.46%, respectively, compared with the control. The yield of T1-T3 increased by 24.31%-32.58%, 9.95%-17.81%, 32.12%-37.16%, 16.58%-27.96%, 2.50%-9.40%, 10.85%-29.33% and 4.14%-17.95% in 2007-2013, the average production of T1, T2 and T3 increased by 14.52%, 20.01% and 23.44% compared with the control. The water use efficiency of T1-T3 increased by 24.66%-36.07%, 14.12%-23.73%, 38.34%-53.89%, 29.07%-35.68%, 1.20%-19.60% and 9.02%-32.55%, the average of water use efficiency of T1, T2 and T3 increased by 20.39%, 27.94% and 28.02% compared with the control. It was also found that the effect of increase of yield and water use efficiency was significant under lower rainfall.【Conclusion】 The effect of Micro- rainwater-collecting planting mode by ridge film mulching and furrow seeding in dry farmland on rainwater harvesting, water storage and soil moisture conservation was definite after 7 years of study in semi-arid region in Liaoxi area. The technique could mitigate the negative impact of drought on spring sowing and seedlings growth in spring and enrich the theoretical basis of the rain-harvesting agriculture of dry farming in the area. By application and dissemination of the technique, it could improve rainfall resources utilization and water use efficiency and promote stable and high yield of spring corn and healthy and sustainable development of dry farming in the area. The study will provide important references for development of the rain-harvesting agriculture of dry farming in the north of China.

Key words: semiarid region , spring corn , ridge film mulching and furrow seeding , yield , water use efficiency

肖继兵1, 孙占祥2, 蒋春光1, 刘志1, 郑家明2, 冯良山2. 辽西半干旱区垄膜沟种方式对春玉米水分利用和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(10): 1917-1928.

XIAO Ji-Bing-1, SUN Zhan-Xiang-2, JIANG Chun-Guang-1, LIU Zhi-1, ZHENG Jia-Ming-2, FENG Liang-Shan-2. Effect of Ridge Film Mulching Technique and Furrow Seeding of Spring Corn on Water Use and Yield in Semi-Arid Region in Liaoxi Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(10): 1917-1928.

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