中国农业科学 ›› 2014, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (17): 3359-3371.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.17.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

赵亚丽,薛志伟,郭海斌,穆心愿,李潮海   

  1. 河南农业大学农学院/河南粮食作物协同创新中心/小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室,郑州450002
  • 收稿日期:2013-11-05 出版日期:2014-09-01 发布日期:2014-03-20
  • 通讯作者: 李潮海,Tel:0371-63555629;E-mail:lichaohai2005@163.com
  • 作者简介:赵亚丽,E-mail:zhaoyali2006@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31301261)、农业部现代玉米产业技术体系(CARS-02-19)、中国博士后基金(20100480853)

Effects of Tillage and Straw Returning on Water Consumption Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency in the Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System

ZHAO Ya-li, XUE Zhi-wei, GUO Hai-bin, MU Xin-yuan, LI Chao-hai   

  1. College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002
  • Received:2013-11-05 Online:2014-09-01 Published:2014-03-20

摘要: 【目的】黄淮海地区是中国粮食主产区之一,但农业生产中旱涝频繁发生,同时还存在土壤紧实、耕层变浅和土壤蓄水保墒能力低等问题,严重影响了该区的粮食生产。耕作方式和秸秆还田作为农业生产中两项重要的技术措施,对改善土壤结构、提高土壤蓄水能力和水分利用效率有显著作用。本文旨在探索耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响,为优化黄淮海地区的土壤耕作方式提供依据。【方法】采用土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的方法,设置常规耕作+秸秆还田、常规耕作+无秸秆还田、深耕+秸秆还田、深耕+无秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田、深松+无秸秆还田6个处理,研究耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田耗水量、耗水模系数、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响,分析不同耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、秸秆还田对土壤容重、农田耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率均存在显著或极显著影响。与常规耕作相比,深耕和深松主要降低了20—40 cm土层的土壤容重,增加了冬小麦、夏玉米和周年总农田耗水量,提高了0—100 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量,同时降低了休闲期无效农田耗水量。此外,深耕和深松还降低了夏玉米的株间蒸发量,但深耕显著增加了冬小麦的株间蒸发量,深松则相反。秸秆还田也可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤贮水消耗量,增加冬小麦农田耗水量,降低夏玉米和休闲期农田耗水量,增加冬小麦的株间蒸发量,降低夏玉米的株间蒸发量。与常规耕作相比,深耕和深松处理的周年作物产量分别提高了10.7%和9.8%,周年水分利用效率分别提高了8.8%和6.3%。秸秆还田处理的周年作物产量和水分利用效率分别比秸秆不还田处理提高了6.3%和7.6%。耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米的耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率存在显著交互作用。与常规耕作+无秸秆还田处理相比,深耕+秸秆还田和深松+秸秆还田处理的周年农田耗水量分别提高3.3%和2.4%,冬小麦-夏玉米的农田耗水量分别提高了4.2%和3.3%,休闲期的农田耗水量分别降低了7.0%和9.9%,周年作物产量分别提高了18.0%和19.3%,水分利用效率分别提高了15.9%和15.1%。【结论】在几种耕作模式中,深耕+秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田的周年作物产量和水分利用效率最高,且二者无显著性差异,表明深耕或深松结合秸秆还田有利于作物产量和水分利用效率的提高。因此,在本试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上深松或深耕是黄淮海地区适宜的耕作方式。

关键词: 耕作方式 , 秸秆还田 , 产量 , 耗水量 , 水分利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】Huang-Huai-Hai area is one of the most important areas that produce food crops. Frequent drought and flood are the main limiting factors for crop production, and the soil compaction, low topsoil and low water holding capacity are also the main factors causing the low and unstable yields of winter wheat and summer maize. Tillage and straw returning are two effective ways to reduce soil compaction, enhance water holding capacity and water use efficiency. The objective of the experiment was to study the effects of tillage, straw returning and their interaction on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system.【Method】The experiment was conducted by a combination of different tillage ways and straw managements. Soil water consumption amount, soil water reduction amount, soil evaporation, grain yield and water use efficiency were analyzed by using six treatments which were conventional tillage with all straw returning, conventional tillage with no straw returning, deep tillage with all straw returning, deep tillage with no straw returning, subsoil tillage with all straw returning, subsoil tillage with no straw returning in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. The effects of tillage, straw returning and their interaction on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency were analyzed.【Result】The results showed that, there were significant effects of tillage and straw returning on soil bulk density, soil water consumption amount, soil water reduction amount, soil evaporation, grain yield and water use efficiency. Compared with conventional tillage, deep tillage and subsoil tillage mainly decreased soil bulk density at 20-40 cm soil depth, increased the water consumption and soil water reduction amount at 0-100 cm soil depth of winter wheat and summer maize, while decreased the water consumption during fallow periods. Moreover, deep tillage and subsoil tillage also decreased soil evaporation during the growth period of summer maize. Deep tillage increased, but subsoil tillage decreased the soil evaporation during the growth period of winter wheat. Straw returning also decreased the soil bulk density, increased soil water reduction amount, increased soil water consumption amount during the growth period of winter wheat, but decreased the soil water consumption amount during summer maize growth period and fallow period. Moreover, straw returning increased soil water consumption, increased soil evaporation during the growth period of winter wheat, but decreased soil evaporation during the growth period of summer maize. Compared with the conventional tillage, the total grain yield of deep tillage and subsoil tillage increased by 10.7% and 9.8%, the water use efficiency increased by 8.8% and 6.3%. The total grain yield and water use efficiency of straw returning were 6.3% and 7.6% higher than the no straw returning treatment, respectively. A significant interaction between tillage system and straw returning was observed in soil water cosumption characteres, grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize. Compared with conventional tillage with no straw returning, the total soil water consumption amounts of deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning increased by 3.3% and 2.4%, the soil water consumption amounts during the growth period of winter wheat and summer maize increased by 4.2% and 3.3%, while the soil water consumption amounts during the fallow period decreased by 7.0% and 9.9%. Moreover, the grain yields of deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning increased by 18.0% and 19.3%, the water use efficiency increased by 15.9% and 15.1%. 【Conclusion】In the six treatments, deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning showed the highest total grain yield and water use efficiency, and there was no significant difference in grain yield and water use efficiency between deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning. Therefore, it was concluded that deep tillage or subsoil tillage with straw returning is the most appropriate tillage practice in Huang-Huai-Hai area.

Key words: tillage , straw returning , grain yield , soil water consumption , water use efficiency