耕作和秸秆还田方式对东北春玉米吐丝期根系特征及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对东北春玉米主产区秸秆处理的突出矛盾,优化秸秆还田方式对促进该区农业绿色可持续发展意义深远。本文研究了耕作和秸秆还田方式对春玉米根系形态及分布特征、干物积累和产量的影响,旨在为该区域耕作措施调整、实现秸秆还田维持耕地农业生产提供理论依据。【方法】2017—2018年在辽宁沈阳进行田间试验,采用二因素随机区组设计,分别设置秸秆全层翻耕还田（PTS）、秸秆条带翻耕还田（PSS）、秸秆全层旋耕还田（RTS）和秸秆条带旋耕还田（RSS）4个处理。分析不同耕作和秸秆还田方式下春玉米根长、根干重及其空间分布、植株地上部干物质积累动态和产量性状的差异。【结果】耕作和秸秆还田方式对吐丝期春玉米根长及其分布、根干重和比根长影响显著。在0—30 cm垂直土层,PTS处理根长2017年和2018年分别高出其他处理7.9%—43.2%和17.3%—41.5%;在30—60 cm垂直土层,秸秆条带还田（PSS和RSS处理）根长较秸秆全层还田（PTS和RTS处理）平均高出20.1%和20.3%;以植株为中心,PTS处理距植株0—10 cm的根长分布最高,RTS处理最低。根干重在0—10 cm土层表现为RTS处理最低,PTS、PSS、RSS处理2年平均高出36.5%、59.6%和17.3%。PTS处理在0—20 cm土层2年均具有最高比根长,2017年和2018年较其他处理分别高出8.7%—73.8%和14.3%—44.7%。不同处理根表面积的空间分布差异明显,PTS和RSS处理在0—30 cm土层具有较高的根表面积,在水平和垂直方向具有更广的根表面分布。耕作和秸秆还田方式对拔节期、吐丝期和成熟期春玉米地上部干物质积累的影响差异显著,RTS处理较其他处理降低了拔节期茎鞘和地上部总干物重,平均达15.5%—19.2%;PTS处理成熟期果穗和地上总干物重比其他处理提高3.6%—12.3%和2.7%—12.4%,其次为PSS和RSS处理,RTS处理最低。耕作和秸秆还田方式处理显著影响春玉米穗数和籽粒产量,与RTS处理相比,PTS、PSS和RSS处理2年产量平均高出8.3%、7.9%和5.8%;RTS穗数2017年和2018年较其他处理显著降低2.9%—9.1%和7.0%—9.7%。【结论】适当的耕作和秸秆还田方式有利于促进作物根系形态发育及耕层空间分布,促进干物质积累和分配特征优化及成熟期干物质向果穗的分配,达到提高春玉米产量的目的,在本研究区域中推荐秸秆条带翻耕还田方式。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 春玉米, 根系分布, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

【Objective】In view of the prominent contradiction of straw utility, the optimization of straw returning method is significant for promoting the green and sustainable development of agriculture in northeast China, where is the main production areas of spring maize. In this study, the effects of tillage and straw incorporation approaches on the morphology and distribution characteristics of root, dry matter accumulation and yield of spring maize were investigated to provide a theory basis for optimizing tillage and straw incorporation measures to maintain agricultural production.【Method】The field experiment was carried out in Shenyang, Liaoning province in 2017 and 2018. The two-factor random zone group design was adopted to set up four treatments, including straw incorporation with full-thickness plough tillage (PTS), straw incorporation with strip plough tillage (PSS), straw incorporation with full-thickness rotary tillage (RTS), and straw incorporation with strip rotary tillage (RSS). Under different tillage and straw incorporation methods, the differences of root length, root dry weight, their spatial distribution in soil, dry matter accumulation dynamics and yield characters of spring maize were analyzed.【Result】Tillage and straw incorporation methods had significant effects on root length and distribution as well as dry weight and specific root length of spring maize at silking stage. In the vertical soil layer of 0-30 cm, the root length of PTS treatment was 7.9%-43.2% and 17.3%-41.5% higher than other treatments, respectively. In the vertical soil layer of 30-60 cm, root length under strip straw incorporation (PSS and RSS) treatments was average 20.1% and 20.3% higher than those under full-thickness straw incorporation (PTS and RTS) treatments, respectively. Centering on maize plant, the horizontal distribution of root length in soil showed that PTS treatment was the highest and RTS treatment was the lowest in 0-10 cm away from the plant. The lowest root dry weight was observed from RTS treatment, PTS, PSS and RSS treatments presented 36.5%, 59.6% and 17.3% higher root dry weight in the 0-10 cm soil layer, respectively. PTS treatment obtained the highest specific root length in 0-20 cm soil layers, with 8.7%-73.8% and 14.3%-44.7% more than those under other treatments. The spatial distribution of root surface area was significantly different among treatments. PTS and RSS treatments had higher root surface area in 0-30 cm soil layer and better root surface distribution in horizontal and vertical directions. The effects of tillage and straw incorporation methods on the accumulation of dry matter in shoot of spring maize at jointing, silking and maturity stages were significant. Compared with other three treatments, RTS reduced the average dry matter weight of stem+sheath and total shoot weight by 15.5% to 19.2% at jointing stage. The weight of ear and shoot dry matter in maturity stage under PTS treatment was 3.6%-12.3% and 2.7%-12.4% higher than those under other treatments, followed by PSS and RSS treatments, and RTS treatment was the lowest. Tillage and straw incorporation methods significantly affected the number of ears and grain yield of spring maize. PTS, PSS, and RSS treatments obtained average 8.3%, 7.9%, and 5.8% higher grain yield than that under RTS treatments in 2017 and 2018. RTS significantly reduced the number of ears by 2.9%-9.1% and 7.0%-9.7%, compared with other three treatments.【Conclusion】Proper tillage and straw returning methods were conducive to promoting the morphological development of crop root and its spatial distribution in the tilled soil layer, optimizing of dry matter accumulation and distribution characteristics, and the distribution of dry matter to ear at maturity, so as to increase the yield of spring maize. In summary, the straw strip returning with plough tillage was recommended in the study area.

Key words: straw incorporation, spring maize, root distribution, grain yield

姜英,王峥宇,廉宏利,王美佳,苏业涵,田平,隋鹏祥,马梓淇,王英俨,孟广鑫,孙悦,李从锋,齐华. 耕作和秸秆还田方式对东北春玉米吐丝期根系特征及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(15): 3071-3082.

JIANG Ying,WANG ZhengYu,LIAN HongLi,WANG MeiJia,SU YeHan,TIAN Ping,SUI PengXiang,MA ZiQi,WANG YingYan,MENG GuangXin,SUN Yue,LI CongFeng,QI Hua. Effects of Tillage and Straw Incorporation Method on Root Trait at Silking Stage and Grain Yield of Spring Maize in Northeast China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3071-3082.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	垂直根长分布 Vertical root length distribution					总根长 Total root length
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	0-30 cm	30-60 cm	0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	总根长 Total root length
2017	PTS	454.8a	80.3b	290.7a	157.7a	80.3b	535.1a
	PSS	421.4a	102.5a	281.4a	133.5b	102.4a	523.9a
	RTS	317.6b	79.8b	209.3b	105.2c	82.9b	397.4b
	RSS	383.2ab	111.5a	280.3a	136.6b	99.8a	494.7a
2018	PTS	508.6a	272.4c	422.8a	189.7ab	168.4a	780.9a
	PSS	433.5b	301.0ab	369.2c	216.2a	149.1b	734.5b
	RTS	359.8d	289.9b	349.7d	169.3b	130.7b	649.7c
	RSS	391.4c	339.9a	381.6a	196.8ab	152.9a	731.3b
方差分析（F值）ANOVA (F-value)
T		9.11**	7.05	0.25*	0.17**	21.25	35.65**
S		3.17*	1.98**	9.66*	2.39*	1.89**	26.36**
T×S		0.275**	8.14*	1.37*	1.94*	9.21*	5.32**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期Jointing stage			吐丝期Silking stage				成熟期Maturity stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶 Leave	茎鞘 Stem	地上部 Shoot	叶 Leave	茎鞘 Stem	果穗 Fruit	地上部 Shoot	叶 Leave	茎鞘 Stem	果穗 Fruit	地上部 Shoot
2017	PTS	35.8a	34.7a	70.5a	48.5a	72.2a	33.8a	154.5a	45.5a	88.9a	220.3a	354.5a
	PSS	36.6a	34.3a	70.9a	50.7a	71.2a	31.2a	153.1a	42.2a	80.6a	209.6b	332.4ab
	RTS	32.5a	29.1b	61.6b	44.5a	68.6a	32.8a	145.9b	37.4b	71.5b	207.2b	315.6b
	RSS	38.0a	34.1a	72.1a	42.1a	76.1a	31.3a	149.5ab	42.9a	85.7a	213.6ab	342.3a
2018	PTS	45.9a	42.5b	88.4ab	46.9a	72.3a	50.4a	169.6a	68.2b	93.5a	233.9a	395.6a
	PSS	41.4a	53.9a	95.3a	48.2a	71.7a	43.5b	163.4a	65.3b	85.7ab	218.6ab	369.6b
	RTS	38.4b	40.8b	79.2b	46.5a	65.4b	41.9b	153.8b	60.8b	80.7b	210.4b	351.9b
	RSS	43.2a	52.9a	96.1a	48.0a	73.8a	44.4b	166.2a	78.1a	86.9ab	220.1a	385.1a
方差分析（F值）ANOVA (F-value)
T		3.15	0.87	10.32	0.69	12.87**	6.37*	19.56*	30.69	2.79*	10.27*	17.32*
S		5..62	5.21*	8.65**	2.16*	8.21	4.15	25.21	12.16	1.17	6.71	4.65**
T×S		2.36	3.56	1.32*	3.65	3.56	0.89	4.01*	9.65	1.68	5.56*	3.32*

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Ear number (hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2017	PTS	65741a	497a	31.2a	9762.9a
	PSS	66056a	500a	30.5a	9812.2a
	RTS	60574c	495a	29.4a	9128.8b
	RSS	62352b	508a	30.4a	9418.3ab
2018	PTS	67364a	513a	36.8a	10100.5a
	PSS	65741b	509a	35.9a	9981.3a
	RTS	61420c	486b	36.2a	9209.5b
	RSS	66660ab	508a	34.7a	9994.9a
方差分析（F值）ANOVA (F-value)
T		3.341**	0.254	0.126	6.326**
S		0.487*	0.311	0.177	5.275
T×S		0.297**	0.754	0.266	0.222*