Please wait a minute...
Journal of Integrative Agriculture  2015, Vol. 14 Issue (11): 2340-2357    DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61126-1
Section 3: Risk management and standards Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search |
Agricultural pesticide use and food safety: California’s model
 Minghua Zhang, Michael R Zeiss, Shu Geng
1、Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
2、California Department of Pesticide Regulation, CA 95814, USA
3、Sino-US Joint Food Safety Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R.China
4、Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Download:  PDF in ScienceDirect  
Export:  BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      
摘要  Pesticides have been an essential part of agriculture to protect crops and livestock from pest infestations and yield reduction for many decades. Despite their usefulness, pesticides could pose potential risks to food safety and the environment as well as human health. This paper reviews the positive benefits of agricultural pesticide use as well as some potential negative impacts on the environment and food safety. In addition, using the case of California, we discuss the need for both residue monitoring and effective pest management to promote food safety. Twenty years’ pesticide residue data from California’s pesticide residue monitoring program were analyzed. Results showed that more than 95% of food samples were in compliance with US pesticide residue standards (tolerances). However, certain commodities from certain sources had high percentages of residues above tolerance levels. Even when residues above tolerance levels were detected, most were at levels well below 1 mg kg–1, and most posed negligible acute health risk. However, a few detected residues had the potential to cause health effects. Therefore, establishing an effective food residue monitoring program is important to ensure food quality throughout the marketplace.

Abstract  Pesticides have been an essential part of agriculture to protect crops and livestock from pest infestations and yield reduction for many decades. Despite their usefulness, pesticides could pose potential risks to food safety and the environment as well as human health. This paper reviews the positive benefits of agricultural pesticide use as well as some potential negative impacts on the environment and food safety. In addition, using the case of California, we discuss the need for both residue monitoring and effective pest management to promote food safety. Twenty years’ pesticide residue data from California’s pesticide residue monitoring program were analyzed. Results showed that more than 95% of food samples were in compliance with US pesticide residue standards (tolerances). However, certain commodities from certain sources had high percentages of residues above tolerance levels. Even when residues above tolerance levels were detected, most were at levels well below 1 mg kg–1, and most posed negligible acute health risk. However, a few detected residues had the potential to cause health effects. Therefore, establishing an effective food residue monitoring program is important to ensure food quality throughout the marketplace.
Keywords:  food safety       food security       pesticide use       residue monitoring       environmental impacts       IPM       tolerances       maximum residue limits (MRLs)  
Received: 17 August 2015   Accepted:
Fund: 

The authors also thank the California Department of Pesticide Regulation for in-kind support and the Sino-US Joint Research Center for Food Safety for special fund (A200021501) and Start-up Funds (Z111021403) for Talents in Northwest A&F University, China.

Corresponding Authors:  Minghua Zhang, E-mail: mhzhang@ucdavis.edu     E-mail:  mhzhang@ucdavis.edu

Cite this article: 

Minghua Zhang, Michael R Zeiss, Shu Geng. 2015. Agricultural pesticide use and food safety: California’s model. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(11): 2340-2357.

Akiyama Y, Yoshioka N, Tsuji M. 2002. Pesticide residuesin agricultural products monitored in Hyogo Prefecture,Japan, FYs 1995-1999 Journal of AOAC International,85, 692-703

Aktar M W, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. 2009. Impact ofpesticide use in agriculture: Their benefits and hazards.Interdisciplinary Toxiocology, 2, 1-12

AMS (Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA). 2009. MandatoryCountry of Origin Labeling - Final Rule.AMS, USDepartment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. p. 9. [2015-10-19]. http://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/cool

AMS (Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA). 2015. PesticideData Program Annual Summary, Calendar Year 2013. AMS,US Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. p. 203.[2015-10-19]. http://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/2013%20PDP%20Anuual%20Summary.pdf

Anastassiades M, Lehotay S J, Stajnbaher D, Schenck FJ. 2003. Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solidphaseextraction” for the determination of pesticide residuesin produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86, 412-431

Andreu V, Picó Y. 2004. Determination of pesticides and theirdegradation products in soil: Critical review and comparisonof methods. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23, 772-789

Bajwa U, Sandhu K S. 2014. Effect of handling and processingon pesticide residues in food - A review. Journal of FoodScience and Technology, 51, 201-220

Baker B P, Benbrook C M, Groth E III, Lutz Benbrook K.2002. Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pestmanagement (IPM)-grown and organic foods: Insights fromthree US data sets. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19,427-446

Bruening G, Kirkpatrick B C, Esser T, Webster K. 2014.Managing newly established pests and diseases:Cooperative efforts contained spread of Pierce’s diseaseand found genetic resistance. California Agriculture, 68,134-141

Bubb K A. 2001. Simazine concentrations in soil, groundwaterand stream water following application to Pinus plantationsin the coastal lowlands of south-east Queensland. AustralianForestry, 64, 8-13

Budd R, Ensminger M, Wang D, Goh K S. 2015. Monitoringfipronil and degradates in California surface waters, 2008-2013 Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 1233-1240

CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 2004.Environmental Justice Plan. Sacramento, California, USA.p. 12. [2015-09-04]. http://www.calepa.ca.gov/EnvJustice/ActionPlan/Documents/October2004/ActionPlan.pdf

CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture). 2014.California Agricultural Production Statistics (2013). CDFA,Sacramento, California, USA. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/

CDPH (California Department of Public Health). 2014. CDPHIssues Warning About Consuming Certain Cactus Importedfrom Mexico due to Health Risk. Warning Number 14-021.CDPH, Sacramento California, USA. p. 1. [2015-09-04].http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR14-021.aspx

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2008.2007 Pesticide Residues in Fresh Produce. Department ofPesticide Regulation, California Environmental ProtectionAgency, Sacramento, California, USA. p. 2. [2015-09-04].http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/enforce/residue/resi2007/rsfr2007.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2010.DPR announces settlement for importing produce withillegal pesticide residues into California. News Release10-12. Department of Pesticide Regulation, CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California,USA. p. 1. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/archive/2010/100805.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2011a.A Guide to Pesticide Regulation in California. Departmentof Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental ProtectionAgency, Sacramento, California, USA. p. 136. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/dprguide.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2011b.Department of pesticide regulation announces settlementfor importing produce with illegal pesticide residues intoCalifornia. News Release 11-16. Department of PesticideRegulation, California Environmental Protection Agency,Sacramento, California, USA. p. 1. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/2011/111109.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation).2011c. Pesticide residue monitoring. In: A Guide toPesticide Regulation in California. Department of PesticideRegulation, California Environmental Protection Agency,Sacramento, California, USA. pp. 73-78

 [2015-09-04].http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/dprguide/chap9.pdf

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2013.2012 Pesticide Residues in Fresh Produce. Department ofPesticide Regulation, California Environmental ProtectionAgency, Sacramento, California, USA. p. 3. [2015-09-04].http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/enforce/residue/resi2012/rsfr2012.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2014a.2013 Pesticide Residues in Fresh Produce. Department ofPesticide Regulation, California Environmental ProtectionAgency, Sacramento, California, USA. p. 3. [2015-09-04].http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/enforce/residue/resi2013/rsfr2013.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2014b.DPR scientists say most fresh california produce testedhas little/no detectable pesticide residues. News Release14-9. Department of Pesticide Regulation, CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California,USA. p. 1. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/2014/140902.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2015a.State fines companies selling tainted food aimed at ethnicminorities repeat pesticide offenders fined. News Release15-5. Department of Pesticide Regulation, CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California,USA. p. 2. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/2015/150728.htm

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2015b.Summary of Cases Reported in California as AssociatedWith Pesticide Exposure Summarized by Gender, AgeDistribution, by Type of Pesticide and by Type of Use2012. Department of Pesticide Regulation, CaliforniaEnvironmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California,USA. p. 2. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pisp/2012/2012age_gender_pesticidetype.pdf

CDPR (California Department of Pesticide Regulation). 2015c.Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data (2013). Departmentof Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental ProtectionAgency, Sacramento, California, USA. [2015-09-04]. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur13rep/13sum.htm#pestuse

Clark G M. 1978. Sources of potential residue problems in dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 61, 669-675

Cramer H H. 1967. Plant protection and world crop production.Bayer Pflanzenschuts-Nachrichten, 20, 1-524

Crowder D W, Reganold J P. 2015. Financial competitivenessof organic agriculture on a global scale. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica, 112, 7611-7616

Curran W. 2001. Persistence of herbicides in soil. AgronomyFacts 36. Penn State Extension, Penn State University,University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. p. 4. [2015-09-04].http://extension.psu.edu/pests/weeds/control/persistanceof-herbicides-in-soil/extension_publication_file

DeVries J W. 2006. Chasing “zero” in chemical contaminantanalysis. Food Safety Magazine, August/September2006. [2015-09-04]. http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/magazine-archive1/augustseptember-2006/chasing-zeroin-chemical-contaminant-analysis/

Dinham B. 2003. Growing vegetables in developing countriesfor local urban populations and export markets: Problemsconfronting small-scale producers. Pest ManagementScience, 59, 575-582

Domagalski J L. 1998. Pesticides in surface and ground waterof the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California: Analysisof available data, 1966 through 1992. US GeologicalSurvey Water-Supply Paper 2468. US Geological Survey,Washington, D.C., USA. p. 74.

Dorweiler K. 2013. Pesticide residue testing of food ingredients:Monitoring for compliance and safety. Food SafetyMagazine, December 2013/January 2014. [2015-09-04].http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/magazine-archive1/december-2013january-2014/pesticide-residue-testing-offood-ingredients-monitoring-for-compliance-and-safety/

Ecobichon D J. 2001. Pesticide use in developing countries.Toxicology, 160, 27-33

Ellis R L. 2008. Development of veterinary drug residue controlsby the Codex Alimentarius Commission: A review. FoodAdditives and Contaminants (Part A: Chemistry, Analysis,Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment), 25, 1432-1438

Environnews Forum. 1999. Killer environment. EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives, 107, A62.

Epstein L, Bassein S. 2003. Patterns of pesticide use inCalifornia and the implications for strategies for reduction ofpesticides. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 41, 351-375

Epstein L, Zhang M. 2014. The impact of integrated pestmanagement programs on pesticide use in California,USA. In: Peshin E, Pimentel D, eds., Integrated PestManagement. Springer-Verlag, Netherlands. pp. 173-200

ERS (Economic Research Service, USDA). 2015. AgriculturalProductivity in the U.S. ERS, United States Department ofAgriculture, Washington, D.C., USA. [2015-09-04]. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/agricultural-productivityin-the-us.aspx

European Commission. 2007. Food traceability. Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection. EuropeanCommission, Brussels, Belgium. p. 4. [2015-09-04].http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/docs/gfl_req_factsheet_traceability_2007_en.pdf

European Commission. 2008. New rules on pesticide residuesin food. Directorate-General for Health and Consumers,European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. p. 4. [2015-09-04]. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/max_residue_levels/docs/maximum_residue_levels_factsheet_en.pdf

FAO. 2015a. FAOSTAT Domain Pesticides, 2005- 2010. Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,Italy. [2015-09-04] http://faostat3.fao.org/download/E/EP/E

FAO. 2015b. Fao Statistical Yearbook 2013: World Food andAgriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations, Rome, Italy. p. 65. [2015-09-04]. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm

FAOCOAG (FAO Committee on Agriculture). 2003.Development of a Framework for Good AgriculturalPractices. p. 12. [2015-09-04]. http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/006/y8704e.htm

FDA (Food and Drug Administration, USA). 2015. PesticideMonitoring Program Fiscal Year 2012 Pesticide Report.US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.,USA. [2015-09-04]. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Pesticides/UCM432758.pdf

Feil H, Feil W S, Purcell A H. 2003. Effects of date of inoculationon the within-plant movement of Xylella fastidiosa andpersistence of Pierce’s disease within field grapevines.Phytopathology, 93, 244-251

Fisher M C, Henk D A, Briggs C J, Brownstein J S, Madoff LC, McCraw S L, Gurr S J. 2012. Emerging fungal threats toanimal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature, 484, 186-194

FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee, Belgium).2015. FRAC Code List 2015: Fungicides Sorted by Modeof Action (including FRAC Code Numbering). FungicideResistance Action Committee, CropLife InternationalA.I.S.B.L., Brussels, Belgium. p. 10. [2015-09-04]. http://www.frac.info/docs/default-source/publications/frac-codelist/frac-code-list-2015-finalC2AD7AA36764.pdf?sfvrsn=4

FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service, USA). 2014. UnitedStates National Residue Program for Meat, Poultry, and EggProducts 2012 Residue Sample Results. Food Safety andInspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture,Washington, D.C., USA. p. 59. [2015-09-04]. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/be77fe0d-2295-417f-9472-6b43052068b9/2012-Red-Book.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service, USA). 2015. UnitedStates National Residue Program for Meat, Poultry, and EggProducts 2015 Residue Sampling Plans. Food Safety andInspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture,Washington, D.C., USA. p. 22. [2015-09-04]. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/04c818ed-9bb1-44b2-9e3f-896461f1ffb9/2015-Blue-Book.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

Gandhi R, Snedeker S. 1999. Pesticide residue monitoring andfood safety. Fact Sheet #25. Cornell University Program inBreast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, New York, USA. p. 4. [2015-09-04]. http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/factsheet/Pesticide/fs25.foodSafety.pdf

GAO (Government Accountability Office, USA). 2014. FDA andUSDA Should Strengthen Pesticide Residue MonitoringPrograms and Further Disclose Monitoring Limitations.GAO-15-38. United States Government AccountabilityOffice, Washington, D.C. p. 112. [2015-09-04]. http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/666408.pdf

Gardner M, Hewitt W. 1974. Pierce’s Disease of the Grapevine:The Anaheim Disease and the California Vine Disease.University of California, Berkeley and Davis, California,USA. p. 225.

GAIN (Global Agricultural Information Network). 2012. JapanRevises Safety Monitoring on Imported Grains. ForeignAgricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture,Washington, D.C., USA. p. 4. [2015-09-04]. http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Japan%20revises%20safety%20monitoring%20on%20imported%20grains_Tokyo_Japan_11-2-2012.pdf

Goodson W H, Lowe L, Carpenter D O, Gilbertson M, ManafAli A, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Lasfar A, CarneroA, Azqueta A, Amedei A, Charles A K, Collins A R, WardA, Salzberg A C, Colacci A, Olsen A K, Berg A, Barclay BJ, Zhou B P, Blanco-Aparicio C, et al. 2015. Assessing thecarcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemicalmixtures in the environment: The challenge ahead.Carcinogenesis, 36(suppl. 1), S254-S296.

Grube A D, Donaldson D, Kiely T, Wu L. 2011. Pesticidesindustry sales and usage: 2006 and 2007 market estimates.Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental ProtectionAgency, Washington, D.C., USA. p. 41. [2015-09-04]http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales/07pestsales/market_estimates2007.pdf

Handford C E, Elliott C T, Campbell K. 2015. A review of theglobal pesticide legislation and the scale of challenge inreaching the global harmonization of food safety standards.Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management.doi: 10.1002/ieam.1635

IFOAM (International Federation of Organic AgricultureMovements). 2005. Principles of Organic Agriculture.IFOAM, Bonn, Germany. p. 4. [2015-09-04]. http://www.ifoam.bio/sites/default/files/poa_english_web.pdf

Igbedioh S O. 1991. Effects of agricultural pesticides onhumans, animals, and higher plants in developing countries.Archives of Environmental Health, 46, 218-224.

IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee, Belgium).2015. IRAC Mode of Action Classification Scheme,ver. 7.4. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee,CropLife International, Brussels, Belgium. p. 26. [2015-09-04]. http://www.irac-online.org/documents/moaclassification/?ext=pdf

ISO (International Organization for Standardizatio). 2005. ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories. InternationalOrganization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. p.28. [2015-09-04]. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=39883

Kannan K, Tanabe S, Giesy J P, Tatsukawa R. 1997.Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenylsin foodstuffs from Asian and oceanic countries. Review ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology, 152, 1-55

Klonsky K, Richter K. 2011. A Statistical Picture of California’sOrganic Agriculture: 2005-2009 Agricultural Issues Center,University of California, Davis, California, USA. p. 36.

Kogan M. 1998. Integrated pest management: Historicalperspectives and contemporary developments. AnnualReview of Entomology, 43, 243-270

Kole R K, Banerjee H, Bhattacharyya A. 2001. Monitoring of marketfish samples for endosulfan and hexachlorocyclohexaneresidues in and around Calcutta. Bulletin of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology, 67, 554-559

Koureas M, Tsakalof A, Tsatsakis A, Hadjichristodoulou C 2012.Systematic review of biomonitoring studies to determinethe association between exposure to organophosphateand pyrethroid insecticides and human health outcomes.Toxicology Letters, 210, 155-168

Lee S M, Papathakis M L, Feng H C, Hunter G F, Carr J E. 1991.Multipesticide residue method for fruits and vegetables:California department of food and agriculture. FreseniusJournal of Analytical Chemistry, 339, 376-383

Lewis W J, van Lenteren J C, Phatak S C, Tumlinson J HIII. 1997. A total system approach to sustainable pestmanagement. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America, 94, 12243-12248

Macaray D. 2014. The man who saved a billion lives. [2015-09-04]. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-macaray/the-man-who-saved-a-billi_b_4099523.html

Mejia C, McEntire J K, Keener K, Muth M K, Nganje W, StinsonT, Jensen H. 2010. Traceability (product tracing) in foodsystems: An IFT report submitted to the FDA, vol. 2: Costconsiderations and implications. Comprehensive Reviewsin Food Science and Food Safety, 9, 159-175

Mills P A, Onley J H, Gaither R A. 1963. Rapid method forchlorinated pesticide residues in vegetables and food.Journal of American Official Analytical Chemists, 46,186-191

Ministry of Agriculture, Cattle and Food (Guatemala). 2008.Restriction and Cancellation of Metamidophos Registries.Ministerial Agreement 329-2008. Ministry of Agriculture,Cattle and Food, Guatemala City, Guatemala. p. 3.

Mukherjee I, Gopal M. 1993. Organochlorine pesticideresidues in dairy milk in and around Delhi. Journal of AOACInternational, 76, 283-286

NPIC (National Pesticide Information Center, USA). 2015.Active ingredient fact sheets. National Pesticide InformationCenter, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon USA.[2015-09-04]. http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/aifact.html

Oerke E C. 2006. Crop losses to pests. Journal of AgriculturalSciences, 144, 31-43

Oerke E C, Dehne H W. 2004. Safeguarding production - losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. CropProtection, 23, 275-285

Oerke E C, Dehne H W, Schonbeck F, Weber A. 1994. CropProduction and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in MajorFood and Cash Crops. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. p.808.

Pimentel D. 2005. Environmental and economic costs of theapplication of pesticides primarily in the United States.Environment, Development and Sustainability, 7, 229-252

Popp J, Peto K, Nagy J. 2013. Pesticide productivity and foodsecurity. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development,33, 243-255

Poulsen M E, Andersen J H. 2003. Results from the monitoringof pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables on the Danishmarket, 2000-01. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20,742-757

Racke K D. 2007. Pesticide residues in food and internationaltrade: Regulation and safety considerations. In: OhkawaH, Miyagawa H, Lee P W, eds., Pesticide Chemistry: CropProtection, Public Health, Environmental Safety. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Company KGaA, Weinheim, FederalRepublic of Germany. pp. 29-42

Robinson J (ed). 2006. The Oxford Companion to Wine. 3rded. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. pp.281-283

Rodrigues R, Loiko M R, Minéia C,de Paula D, Hessel C T,Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M, Bender R J, Tondo E C. 2014.Microbiological contamination linked to implementation ofgood agricultural practices in the production of organiclettuce in Southern Brazil. Food Control, 42, 152-164

Schierow L, Esworthy R. 2012. Pesticide Law: A summary of theStatutes. CRS Report RL31921. Congressional ResearchService, Washington, D.C., USA. p. 15.

Simpson J. 2011. Creating Wine - The Emergence of a WorldIndustry, 1840-1914 Princeton University Press, Princeton,New Jersey, USA. p. 318.

Soejitno J. 1999. Integrated pest management in rice inindonesia - A success story. Publication no. 1999/2. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions,Bangkok, Thailand. p. 57. [2015-09-04]. http://www.apaari.org/publications/integrated-pest-management-in-rice-inindonesia-a-success-story.html

Syed J H, Alamdar A, Mohammad A, Ahad K, Shabir Z, AhmedH, Ali S M, Sani S G, Bokhari H, Gallagher K D, Ahmad I,Eqani S A. 2014. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetablesfrom Pakistan: A review of the occurrence and associatedhuman health risks. Environmental Science and PollutionResearch International, 21, 13367-13393

Tago D, Andersson H, Treich N. 2014. Pesticides and health:A review of evidence on health effects, valuation of risks,and benefit-cost analysis. Advances in Health Economicsand Health Services Research, 24, 203-295

Tao C J, Hu J Y, Li J Z, Zheng S S, Liu W, Li C J. 2009. Multiresiduedetermination of pesticides in vegetables by gaschromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82, 111-115

Thomas J E, Ou L T, All-Agely A. 2008. DDE remediation anddegradation. Review of Environmental Contamination andToxicology, 194, 55-69

Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N, SuriyoT. 2013. Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cellsgrowth via estrogen. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 59,129-136

Troiano J, Garretson C, Dasilva A, Marade J, Barry T. 2013.Pesticide and nitrate trends in domestic wells wherepesticide use is regulated in fresno and tulare counties,california. Journal of Environmental Quality. doi: 10.2134/jeq2013.06.0219

US Department of Commerce. 2014. Florida Passes New Yorkto Become the Nation’s Third Most Populous State, CensusBureau Reports. United States Department of Commerce,Washington, D.C. p. 2. [2015-09-04]. http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2014/cb14-232.html

USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 2012. SettingTolerances for Pesticide Residues in Foods. United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. p. 4.[2015-09-04] http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/stprf.htm

USGS (United States Geological Survey). 1999. The Qualityof Our Nnation’s Waters - Nutrients and Pesticides.USGS. Circular 1225. United States Geological Survey,Washington, D.C. p. 83. [2015-09-04]

 http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1225/index.html

Vandenberg L N, Colborn T, Hayes T B, Heindel J J, Jacobs DR Jr, Lee D, Shioda T, Soto A M, vom Saal F S, Welshons WV, Zoeller R T, Myers J P. 2012. Hormones and endocrinedisruptingchemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonicdose responses. Endocrine Reviews, 33, 378-455

Varela L G, Smith R J, Philips P A. 2001. Pierce’s Disease. UCANR Publication 21600. University of California Agricultureand Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA. [2015-09-04] http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/ADS/manual_piercedisease.html

Verger P J P, Boobis A R. 2013. Global food supply: Reevaluatepesticides for food security and safety. Science, 341,717-718

WTO (World Trade Organization) 2015. Dispute Settlement:Dispute DS384: United States - Certain Country of OriginLabelling (COOL) Requirements. World Trade Organization,Geneva, Switzerland. p. 1. [2015-09-04] http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news15_e/384_386abrw_e.htm

Warren G F. 1998. Spectacular increases in crop yields in theUnited States in the twentieth century. Weed Technology,12, 752-760

Webster J P G, Bowles R G, Williams N T. 1999. Estimating theeconomic benefits of alternative pesticide usage scenarios:wheat production in the United Kingdom. Crop Protection,18, 83-89

Western_Farm_Press. 2005. CDFA chemistry lab first in nation.Western Farm Press, January 15, 2005, Penton, NewYork, USA. [2015-09-04]. http://westernfarmpress.com/cdfa-chemistry-lab-first-nation

Zhang M, Geng S, Ustin S, Tanji K K. 1997. Pesticideoccurrence in groundwater in Tulare County, California.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 45, 101-127

Zhang M, Wilhoit L, Geiger C. 2005. Assessing dormant seasonorganophosphate use in California almonds. Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment, 105, 41-58

Zhang X, Starner K, Spurlock F. 2012. Analysis of chlorpyrifosagricultural use in regions of frequent surface waterdetections in California, USA. Bulletin of EnvironmentalContamination Toxicology, 89, 978-984

Zilberman D, Schmitz A, Casterline G, Lichtenberg E, SeibertJ B. 1991. The economics of pesticide use and regulation.Science, 253, 518-522
[1] NIU Kunyu, GUO Hui, LIU Jing. Can food security and low carbon be achieved simultaneously? —An empirical analysis of the mechanisms influencing the carbon footprint of potato and corn cultivation in irrigation areas[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(4): 1230-1243.
[2] Busiswa NDABA, Ashira ROOPNARAIN, Haripriya RAMA, Malik MAAZA. Biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles as fertilizers: An emerging precision agriculture strategy[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(5): 1225-1242.
[3] WANG Han-jie, Jingjing WANG, Xiaohua YU. Wastewater irrigation and crop yield: A meta-analysis[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(4): 1215-1224.
[4] ZHOU Yong, YAN Xiao-yuan, GONG Song-ling, LI Cheng-wei, ZHU Rong, ZHU Bo, LIU Zhang-yong, WANG Xiao-long, CAO Peng. Changes in paddy cropping system enhanced economic profit and ecological sustainability in central China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(2): 566-577.
[5] Sulaiman ABDULSALAM, , PENG Huan, LIU Shi-ming, HUANG Wen-kun, KONG Ling-an, PENG De-liang . Molecular and morphological characterization of stunt nematodes of wheat, maize, and rice in the savannahs of northern Nigeria[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(2): 586-595.
[6] Rob VOS, Andrea CATTANEO. Poverty reduction through the development of inclusive food value chains[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(4): 964-978.
[7] HE Dun-chun, Jeremy J. BURDON, XIE Lian-hui, Jiasui ZHAN. Triple bottom-line consideration of sustainable plant disease management: From economic, sociological and ecological perspectives[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(10): 2581-2591.
[8] ZHANG Li, CHU Qing-quan, JIANG Yu-lin, CHEN Fu, LEI Yong-deng. Impacts of climate change on drought risk of winter wheat in the North China Plain[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(10): 2601-2612.
[9] CHEN Wei-yu, YU Jia, XU Heng, LU Xin-yu, DAI Ting-ting, TIAN Yue-e, SHEN Dan-yu, DOU Dao-long. Combining simplified DNA extraction technology and recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid and equipment-free detection of citrus pathogen Phytophthora parasitica[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(10): 2696-2705.
[10] JIN Cang-yu, Retsef LEVI, LIANG Qiao, Nicholas RENEGAR, ZHOU Jie-hong. Food safety inspection and the adoption of traceability in aquatic wholesale markets: A game-theoretic model and empirical evidence[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(10): 2807-2819.
[11] Silvia I. RONDON. Decoding Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the new age of change[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(2): 316-324.
[12] YI Fu-jin, FENG Jia-ao, WANG Yan-jun, JIANG Fei.
Influence of surface ozone on crop yield of maize in China
[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(2): 578-589.
[13] QIN Shi-le, Lü Xin-ye.
Do large-scale farmers use more pesticides?  Empirical evidence from rice farmers in five Chinese provinces 
[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(2): 590-599.
[14] MIN Shi, XIANG Cheng, ZHANG Xiao-heng. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumers’ food safety knowledge and behavior in China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(12): 2926-2936.
[15] Nathana?l PINGAULT, Patrick CARON, Alicia KOLMANS, Stefanie LEMKE, Carol KALAFATIC, Sabine ZIKELI, Ann WATERS-BAYER, Carolin CALLENIUS, QIN Yong-jun . Moving beyond the opposition of diverse knowledge systems for food security and nutrition[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(1): 291-293.
No Suggested Reading articles found!