Deep vertical rotary tillage and planting density enhance salt leaching and water productivity via root-mediated processes in saline cotton fields

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.023

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Jianshu Dong^{1, 2, 3, 4}, Hongguang Liu¹^,^2#, Yuanhang Guo¹^,², Qiang Meng¹^,², Yibin Xu¹^,², Xiaojun Shen³^,^4#, Ke Zhang⁵, Ke Sun¹^,²

¹College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China

²Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production & Construction Group, Shihezi 832000, China

³College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China

⁴Institute of Western Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China

⁵State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China

Highlights

Deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with medium density maximizes root plasticity and stress resilience.

DVRT–density synergy boosts water–nitrogen use under saline-alkaline conditions.

DVRT enables soil remediation with effective pH and salinity reduction.

DVRT–density strategy boosts yield by >50% and improves resource efficiency.

Abstract
References

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摘要

优化根系构型是提高干旱区盐碱地作物抗逆性和资源利用效率的重要途径。为探索耕层土壤特性、棉花根系构型及水氮利用指标对耕作栽培措施的响应机理。在新疆荒漠绿洲区开展了两个生长季的棉花大田试验，采用裂区试验设计：主区为耕作深度（D1：20 cm、D2：40 cm、D3：60 cm），以常规耕作20 cm为对照（D0）；副区为种植密度（R1：17.6、R2：21.1、R3：26.4 万株·hm^-2）。结果表明：随粉垄深松深度增加，根系生长发育指标显著提升，D3R2处理表现最佳，与对照处理相比，根表面积、根体积和根直径较分别提高45.15%、34.85%和48.05%。粉垄深松促进根系下扎，D3处理40~60 cm土层根长密度占比达38.54%，显著高于D0的19.24%。过度增加密度（R3）抑制了丰产根系构型构建，D3R3根体积较D3R2显著降低11.49%。D3R2处理冠层和根系的干质量分别为124.10和9.30 g·株⁻¹，根系活力较D0R2提高69.92%，籽棉产量提高50.33%，水分生产力和氮肥偏生产力提高59.62%和50.33%。深松有效降低了表层土壤pH，脱盐率达55.15%。偏最小二乘法结构方程模型表明，粉垄深松主要通过促进根系下扎增加了棉花根长密度和根表面积，提升棉花根系水肥吸收利用效率，栽培密度通过提高根系生物量与根系活力提升作物抗盐碱的能力，在两者的双重作用下实现盐碱棉田产能提升的目标。综上，推荐采用粉垄深松60 cm配合21.1万株·hm^-2栽培密度组合策略，实现盐渍棉田绿色增产与资源高效利用。

Abstract

Optimizing root architecture is vital for enhancing crop stress tolerance and resource use efficiency. This study examined the interactive effects of deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) and planting density on cotton root morphology, water–nitrogen utilization, and soil quality in arid saline-alkali fields. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Xinjiang, China, using cultivar ‘Xinluzhong 56’ under a split-plot design. The main plots included four tillage regimes: conventional plow tillage at 20 cm (D0) and DVRT at 20 cm (D1), 40 cm (D2), and 60 cm (D3). The subplots consisted of three planting densities (R1, 17.6×10⁴; R2, 21.1×10⁴; R3, 26.4×10⁴ plants ha^-1). Root traits were significantly improved with increasing DVRT depth. The D3R2 combination was identified as the optimal treatment, significantly increasing root surface area, volume, and diameter by 45.15, 34.85, and 48.05%, respectively, compared with the conventional practice (D0R2). However, excessive density (R3) offset these benefits, resulting in an 11.49% reduction in root volume in D3R3 compared with D3R2. DVRT promoted deeper roots, with 38.54% of root length density in the 40–60 cm layer under D3 versus 19.24% under D0. In 2022, D3R2 increased shoot and root biomass (124.10 and 9.30 g/plant) and root activity (69.92% compared to D0R2). This treatment increased yield (50.33% over two years), water productivity (56.61–62.62%), and partial factor productivity (50.03–50.63%). DVRT also reduced topsoil pH and achieved a desalination efficiency of 55.15%. Path modeling showed that yield gains mainly stemmed from root deepening and soil amelioration, whereas density enhanced root biomass and activity. DVRT at 60 cm with 21.1×10⁴ plants ha^-1 is recommended to maximize cotton yield and resource use in saline-alkali soils.

Keywords: cotton saline-alkali soil deep vertical rotary tillage root-shoot coordination yield

Online: 15 January 2026

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52479043), the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Science and Technology Program Project, China (2023AB073), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

About author: #Correspondence Hongguang Liu, E-mail: liuhongguang-521@163.com; Xiaojun Shen, E-mail: shenxiaojun@tjau.edu.cn

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Jianshu Dong, Hongguang Liu, Yuanhang Guo, Qiang Meng, Yibin Xu, Xiaojun Shen, Ke Zhang, Ke Sun. 2026. Deep vertical rotary tillage and planting density enhance salt leaching and water productivity via root-mediated processes in saline cotton fields. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.023

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