Acevedo-Siaca L G, Coe R, Quick W P, Long S P. 2021. Variation between rice accessions in photosynthetic induction in flag leaves and underlying mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Botany, 72, 1284–1294.

Asad M A U, Guan X Y, Zhou L J, Qian Z, Yan Z, Cheng F M. 2023. Involvement of plant signaling network and cell metabolic homeostasis in nitrogen deficiency-induced early leaf senescence. Plant Science, 336, 111855.

Avila-Ospina L, Moison M, Yoshimoto K, Masclaux-Daubresse C. 2014. Autophagy, plant senescence, and nutrient recycling. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65, 3799–3811.

Braun D M. 2012. SWEET! The pathway is complete. Science, 335, 173–174.

Braun D M, Wang L, Ruan Y L. 2014. Understanding and manipulating sucrose phloem loading, unloading, metabolism, and signalling to enhance crop yield and food security. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65, 1713–1735.

Cao P P, Sun W J, Huang Y, Yang J R, Yang K, Lv C H, Wang Y J, Yu L F, Hu Z H. 2020. Effects of elevated CO₂ concentration and nitrogen application levels on the accumulation and translocation of non-structural carbohydrates in Japonica rice. Sustainability, 12, 5386.

Chu G, Chen T T, Chen S, Xu C M, Wang D Y, Zhang X F. 2018. Agronomic performance of drought-resistance rice cultivars grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management in Southeast China. Crop Journal, 6, 482–494.

Deng F, Wang L, Mei X, Li S, Pu S, Ren W. 2016. Polyaspartate urea and nitrogen management affect nonstructural carbohydrates and yield of rice. Crop Science, 56, 3272–3285.

Du K, Zhao W Q, Lv Z W, Xu B, Hu W, Zhou Z G, Wang Y H. 2024. Optimal rate of nitrogen fertilizer improves maize grain yield by delaying the senescence of ear leaves and thereby altering their nitrogen remobilization. Field Crops Research, 310, 109359.

Gregersen P L, Culetic A, Boschian L, Krupinska K. 2013. Plant senescence and crop productivity. Plant Molecular Biology, 82, 603–622.

Gu J F, Yin X Y, Stomph T J, Wang H Q, Struik P C. 2012. Physiological basis of genetic variation in leaf photosynthesis among rice (Oryza sativa L.) introgression lines under drought and well-watered conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63, 5137–5153.

Have M, Marmagne A, Chardon F, Masclaux-Daubresse C. 2017. Nitrogen remobilization during leaf senescence: Lessons from Arabidopsis to crops. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68, 2513–2529.

He A B, Wang W Q, Jiang G L, Sun H J, Jiang M, Man J G, Cui K H, Huang J L, Peng S B, Nie L X. 2019. Source-sink regulation and its effects on the regeneration ability of ratoon rice. Field Crops Research, 236, 155–164.

Jiang D, Cao W X, Dai T B, Jing Q. 2003. Activities of key enzymes for starch synthesis in relation to growth of superior and inferior grains on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spike. Plant Growth Regulation, 41, 247–257.

Kane C N, McAdam S A M. 2023. Abscisic acid can augment, but is not essential for, autumnal leaf senescence. Journal of Experimental Botany, 74, 3255-3266.

Kashiwagi T, Madoka Y, Hirotsu N, Ishimaru K. 2006. Locus prl5 improves lodging resistance of rice by delaying senescence and increasing carbohydrate reaccumulation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44, 152-157.

Khush G S. 2013. Strategies for increasing the yield potential of cereals: Case of rice as an example. Plant Breeding, 132, 433–436.

Li G H, Hu Q Q, Shi Y G, Cui K H, Nie L X, Huang J L, Peng S B. 2018. Low nitrogen application enhances starch-metabolizing enzyme activity and improves accumulation and translocation of non-structural carbohydrates in rice stems. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1128.

Li G H, Pan J F, Cui K H, Yuan M S, Hu Q Q, Wang W C, Mohapatra P K, Nie L X, Huang J L, Peng S B. 2017. Limitation of unloading in the developing grains is a possible cause responsible for low stem non-structural carbohydrate translocation and poor grain yield formation in rice through verification of recombinant inbred lines. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1369.

Ma M Y, Zhu T, Cheng X Y, Li M Y, Yuan G L, Li C B, Zhang A H, Lu C M, Fang Y, Zhang Y. 2024. Sucrose phosphate synthase 8 is required for the remobilization of carbon reserves in rice stems during grain filling. Journal of Experimental Botany, 75, 137–151.

Moraga F, Alcaino M, Matus I, Castillo D, del Pozo A. 2022. Leaf and canopy traits associated with stay-green expression are closely related to yield components of wheat genotypes with contrasting tolerance to water stress. Plants, 11, 292.

Mueller N D, Lassaletta L, Runck B C, Billen G, Garnier J, Gerber J S. 2017. Declining spatial efficiency of global cropland nitrogen allocation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31, 245–257.

Ntanos D A, Koutroubas S D. 2002. Dry matter and N accumulation and translocation for Indica and Japonica rice under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research, 74, 93–101.

Okamura M, Arai-Sanoh Y, Yoshida H, Mukouyama T, Adachi S, Yabe S, Nakagawa H, Tsutsumi K, Taniguchi Y, Kobayashi N, Kondo M. 2018. Characterization of high-yielding rice cultivars with different grain-filling properties to clarify limiting factors for improving grain yield. Field Crops Research, 219, 139–147.

Ouyang N, Sun X W, Tan Y N, Sun Z Z, Yu D, Liu H, Liu C T, Liu L, Jin L, Zhao B R, Yuan D Y, Duan M J. 2021. Senescence-specific expression of RAmy1A accelerates non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 647574.

Pan J F, Cui K H, Wei D, Huang J L, Xiang J, Nie L X. 2011. Relationships of non-structural carbohydrates accumulation and translocation with yield formation in rice recombinant inbred lines under two nitrogen levels. Physiologia Plantarum, 141, 321–331.

Peng S B, Zheng C, Yu X. 2023. Progress and challenges of rice ratooning technology in China. Crop and Environment, 2, 5–11.

Pommel B, Gallais A, Coque M, Quillere I, Hirel B, Prioul J L, Andrieu B, Floriot M. 2006. Carbon and nitrogen allocation and grain filling in three maize hybrids differing in leaf senescence. European Journal of Agronomy, 24, 203–211.

Shriner R L. 1932. Determination of starch in plant tissues. Plant Physiology, 7, 541–546.

Slewinski T L. 2012. Non-structural carbohydrate partitioning in grass stems: A target to increase yield stability, stress tolerance, and biofuel production. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63, 4647–4670.

Su Q, Rohila J S, Ranganathan S, Karthikeyan R. 2023. Rice yield and quality in response to daytime and nighttime temperature increase-A meta-analysis perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 898, 165256.

Tao Y, Xu Y N, Ye C, Xiao D S, Chen S, Chu G, Xu C M, Huang J L, Wang D Y. 2024. Exogenous N supply on N transportation and reuse during the rice grain-filling stage and its relationship with leaf color-changing parameters. Agronomy, 14, 2321.

Welch J R, Vincent J R, Auffhammer M, Moya P F, Dobermann A, Dawe D. 2010. Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 14562–14567.

Woo H R, Kim H J, Lim P O, Nam H G. 2019. Leaf senescence: Systems and dynamics aspects. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 70, 347–376.

Xiao Z L, Zhang Y, Wang C R, Wen Y, Wang W L, Zhu K Y, Zhang W Y, Gu J F, Liu L J, Zhang J H, Yang J C, Zhang H. 2024. Optimized controlled-release nitrogen strategy achieves high yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat following rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China. Field Crops Research, 317, 109567.

Xiong D L, Yu T T, Ling X X, Fahad S, Peng S B, Li Y, Huang J L. 2015. Sufficient leaf transpiration and nonstructural carbohydrates are beneficial for high-temperature tolerance in three rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars and two nitrogen treatments. Functional Plant Biology, 42, 347–356.

Xu Y N, Tao Y, Ye C, Xiao D S, Chen S, Chu G, Xu C M, Huang J L, Wang D Y. 2025. Model establishment and feature parameter extraction to capture rice leaf color-changing variations during the later reproductive period. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, doi: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.011.

Yang J C, Zhang J H. 2006. Grain filling of cereals under soil drying. New Phytologist, 169, 223–236.

Yang J C, Zhang J H. 2010. Crop management techniques to enhance harvest index in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61, 3177–3189.

Yang T R, Zhao J H, Hong M, Ma M J, Ma S J, Yuan Y Y. 2025. Optimizing water and nitrogen supply can regulate the dynamics of dry matter accumulation in maize, thereby promoting dry matter accumulation and increasing yield. Field Crops Research, 326, 109837.

Yin X Y, Schapendonk A, Struik P C. 2019. Exploring the optimum nitrogen partitioning to predict the acclimation of C₃ leaf photosynthesis to varying growth conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70, 2435–2447.

Yoshida S. 1972. Physiological aspects of grain yield. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 23, 437–464.

Yoshida S, Forno D A, Cock J H, Gomez K A. 1971. Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice. International Rice Research Institute Press, Manila.

Zakari S A, Asad M A U, Han Z Y, Guan X Y, Zaidi S H R, Gang P, Cheng F M. 2020. Senescence-related translocation of nonstructural carbohydrate in rice leaf sheaths under different nitrogen supply. Agronomy, 112, 1601–1616.

Zhao C, Liu G M, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Shi Y, Zhao L T, Liao P Q, Wang W L, Xu K, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y. 2022. Excessive nitrogen application leads to lower rice yield and grain quality by inhibiting the grain filling of inferior grains. Agriculture, 12, 962.

Zhu T Z, Yin C J, Zhu T C, Zhou P F, Wu L Q, Wang G J, He H B, You C C, Zhang Q Q, Ke J. 2024. Delaying panicle nitrogen application to emergence of 3rd leaf from flag leaf increases the grain-filling ability and yield of large-panicle rice by increasing stem nonstructural carbohydrates at heading. Field Crops Research, 312, 109405.