Baylis A D, Wright I T J. 1990. The effects of lodging and a paclobutrazol-chlormequat chloride mixture on the yield and quality of oilseed rape. Annals of Applied Biology, 116, 287–295.

Berry P M, Griffin J M, Sylvester-Bradley R, Scott R K, Spink J H, Baker C J, Clare R W. 2000. Controlling plant form through husbandry to minimise lodging in wheat. Field Crops Research, 67, 59–81.

Bhinu V S, Li R, Huang J, Kaminskyj S, Sharpe A, Hannoufa A. 2009. Perturbation of lignin biosynthesis pathway in Brassica napus (canola) plants using RNAi. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 89, 441-453.

Bonawitz N D, Chapple C. 2010. The genetics of lignin biosynthesis: Connecting genotype to phenotype. Annual Review of Genetics, 44, 337–363.

Boyes D C, Zayed A M, Ascenzi R, McCaskill A J, Hoffman N E, Davis K R, Görlach J. 2001. Growth stage-based phenotypic analysis of Arabidopsis: A model for high throughput functional genomics in plants. The Plant Cell, 13, 1499–1510.

Brown D M, Goubet F, Wong V W, Goodacre R, Stephens E, Dupree P, Turner S R. 2007. Comparison of five xylan synthesis mutants reveals new insight into the mechanisms of xylan synthesis. Plant Journal, 52, 1154–1168.

Brown D M, Zeef L A, Ellis J, Goodacre R, Turner S R. 2005. Identification of novel genes in Arabidopsis involved in secondary cell wall formation using expression profiling and reverse genetics. The Plant Cell, 17, 2281–2295.

Brown D M, Zhang Z, Stephens E, Dupree P, Turner S R. 2009. Characterization of IRX10 and IRX10-like reveals an essential role in glucuronoxylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Journal, 57, 732–746.

Burk D H, Ye Z H. 2002. Alteration of oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils by mutation of a katanin-like microtubule-severing protein. The Plant Cell, 14, 2145–2160.

Clough S J, Bent A F. 1998. Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal, 16, 735–743.

Dang T V T, Lee S, Cho H, Choi K, Hwang I. 2023. The LBD11-ROS feedback regulatory loop modulates vascular cambium proliferation and secondary growth in Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant, 16, 1131–1145.

Do C T, Pollet B, Thévenin J, Sibout R, Denoue D, Barrière Y, Lapierre C, Jouanin L. 2007. Both caffeoyl Coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase 1 and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 are involved in redundant functions for lignin, flavonoids and sinapoyl malate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Planta, 226, 1117–1129.

Etchells J P, Provost C M, Mishra L, Turner S R. 2013. WOX4 and WOX14 act downstream of the PXY receptor kinase to regulate plant vascular proliferation independently of any role in vascular organisation. Development, 140, 2224–2234.

Etchells J P, Turner S R. 2010. The PXY-CLE41 receptor ligand pair defines a multifunctional pathway that controls the rate and orientation of vascular cell division. Development, 137, 767–774.

Ferjani A, Hanai K, Gunji S, Maeda S, Sawa S, Tsukaya H. 2015. Balanced cell proliferation and expansion is essential for flowering stem growth control. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 10, e992755.

Fischer U, Kucukoglu M, Helariutta Y, Bhalerao R P. 2019. The dynamics of cambial stem cell activity. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 70, 293–319.

Fisher K, Turner S. 2007. PXY, a receptor-like kinase essential for maintaining polarity during plant vascular-tissue development. Current Biology, 17, 1061–1066.

Franke R, Hemm M R, Denault J W, Ruegger M O, Humphreys J M, Chapple C. 2002. Changes in secondary metabolism and deposition of an unusual lignin in the ref8 mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant Journal, 30, 47–59.

Fraser C M, Chapple C. 2011. The phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book, 9, e0152.

Geng P, Zhang S, Liu J, Zhao C, Wu J, Cao Y, Fu C, Han X, He H, Zhao Q. 2020. MYB20, MYB42, MYB43, and MYB85 regulate phenylalanine and lignin biosynthesis during secondary cell wall formation. Plant Physiology, 182, 1272–1283.

Goujon T, Sibout R, Pollet B, Maba B, Nussaume L, Bechtold N, Lu F, Ralph J, Mila I, Barrière Y, Lapierre C, Jouanin L. 2003. A new Arabidopsis thaliana mutant deficient in the expression of O-methyltransferase impacts lignins and sinapoyl esters. Plant Molecular Biology, 51, 973–989.

Guo Y, Qin G, Gu H, Qu L J. 2009. Dof5.6/HCA2, a Dof transcription factor gene, regulates interfascicular cambium formation and vascular tissue development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 21, 3518–3534.

Hu Y, Javed H H, Asghar M A, Peng X, Brestic M, Skalicky M, Ghafoor A Z, Cheema H N, Zhang F F, Wu Y C. 2022. Enhancement of lodging resistance and lignin content by application of organic carbon and silicon fertilization in Brassica napus L. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 807048.

Huang X S, Wang W, Zhang Q, Liu J H. 2013. A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, PtrbHLH, of Poncirus trifoliata confers cold tolerance and modulates peroxidase-mediated scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. Plant Physiology, 162, 1178–1194.

Huangfu L, Chen R, Lu Y, Zhang E, Miao J, Zuo Z, Zhao Y, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Li P, Xu Y, Yao Y, Liang G, Xu C, Zhou Y, Yang Z. 2022. OsCOMT, encoding a caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in melatonin biosynthesis, increases rice grain yield through dual regulation of leaf senescence and vascular development. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 20, 1122–1139.

Ibañes M, Fàbregas N, Chory J, Caño-Delgado A I. 2009. Brassinosteroid signaling and auxin transport are required to establish the periodic pattern of Arabidopsis shoot vascular bundles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 13630–13635.

Jiang J, Liao X, Jin X, Tan L, Lu Q, Yuan C, Xue Y, Yin N, Lin N, Chai Y. 2020. MYB43 in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) positively regulates vascular lignification, plant morphology and yield potential but negatively affects resistance to sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Genes, 11, 581.

Joseph G M D, Mohammadi M, Sterling M, Baker C J, Gillmeier S G, Soper D, Jesson M, Blackburn G A, Whyatt J D, Gullick D, Murray J, Berry P, Hartley D, Finnan J. 2020. Determination of crop dynamic and aerodynamic parameters for lodging prediction. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 202, 104169.

Kendall S L, Holmes H, White C A, Clarke S M, Berry P M. 2017. Quantifying lodging-induced yield losses in oilseed rape. Field Crops Research, 211, 106–113.

Kerstens S, Decraemer W F, Verbelen J P. 2001. Cell walls at the plant surface behave mechanically like fiber-reinforced composite materials. Plant Physiology, 127, 381–385.

Khan S, Anwar S, Kuai J, Ullah S, Fahad S, Zhou G. 2017. Optimization of nitrogen rate and planting density for improving yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and lodging resistance in oilseed rape. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 532.

Kuai J, Sun Y, Guo C, Zhao L, Zuo Q, Wu J, Zhou G. 2017. Root-applied silicon in the early bud stage increases the rapeseed yield and optimizes the mechanical harvesting characteristics. Field Crops Research, 200, 88–97.

Laidig F, Feike T, Klocke B, Macholdt J, Miedaner T, Rentel D, Piepho H P. 2021. Long-term breeding progress of yield, yield-related, and disease resistance traits in five cereal crops of German variety trials. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 134, 3805–3827.

Lauvergeat V, Lacomme C, Lacombe E, Lasserre E, Roby D, Grima-Pettenati J. 2001. Two cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) genes from Arabidopsis thaliana are differentially expressed during development and in response to infection with pathogenic bacteria. Phytochemistry, 57, 1187–1195.

Lee C, Zhong R, Ye Z H. 2012. Arabidopsis family GT43 members are xylan xylosyltransferases required for the elongation of the xylan backbone. Plant and Cell Physiology, 53, 135–143.

Lee H Y, Byeon Y, Lee K, Lee H J, Back K. 2014. Cloning of Arabidopsis serotonin N-acetyltransferase and its role with caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in the biosynthesis of melatonin in vitro despite their different subcellular localizations. Journal of Pineal Research, 57, 418-426.

Li C, Ding Z, Cai Z, Ruan Y, Lü P, Liu Y. 2025. Exogenous melatonin boosts heat tolerance in rosa hybrida via RhCOMT1 modulation. Plants, 14, 29.

Li D, Guo Y, Zhang D, He S, Gong J, Ma H, Gao X, Wang Z, Jiang L, Dun X, Hu S, Chen M. 2020. Melatonin represses oil and anthocyanin accumulation in seeds. Plant Physiology, 183, 898-914.

Li H, Cheng X, Zhang L, Hu J, Zhang F, Chen B, Xu K, Gao G, Li H, Li L, Huang Q, Li Z, Yan G, Wu X. 2018. An integration of genome-wide association study and gene co-expression network analysis identifies candidate genes of stem lodging-related traits in Brassica napus. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 796.

Liu C, Chen H, Er H L, Soo H M, Kumar P P, Han J H, Liou Y C, Yu H. 2008. Direct interaction of AGL24 and SOC1 integrates flowering signals in Arabidopsis. Development, 135, 1481–1491.

Liu C, Han L B, Wen Y, Lu C, Deng B, Liu Z, Deng X, Shen N, Tang D, Li Y B. 2025. The Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoBys1 suppresses rice immunity by targeting OsCAD2 to manipulate host jasmonate and lignin metabolism. New Phytologis, 246, 280–297.

Ma Q H. 2009. The expression of caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase in two wheat genotypes differing in lodging resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60, 2763–2771.

MacMillan C P, Mansfield S D, Stachurski Z H, Evans R, Southerton S G. 2010. Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins: Specialization for stem biomechanics and cell wall architecture in Arabidopsis and Eucalyptus. Plant Journal, 62, 689–703.

McCarthy R L, Zhong R, Ye Z H. 2009. MYB83 is a direct target of SND1 and acts redundantly with MYB46 in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant and Cell Physiology, 50, 1950–1964.

Meier U. 2001. Growth Stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. In: BBCH Monograph. 2nd ed. Federal Biological Research Centre of Agriculture and Forest. Braunschweig, Germany.

Miller C N, Harper A L, Trick M, Wellner N, Werner P, Waldron K W, Bancroft I. 2018. Dissecting the complex regulation of lodging resistance in Brassica napus. Molecular Breeding, 38, 30.

Mitsuda N, Iwase A, Yamamoto H, Yoshida M, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Ohme-Takagi M. 2007. NAC transcription factors, NST1 and NST3, are key regulators of the formation of secondary walls in woody tissues of Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 19, 270–280.

Mitsuda N, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Ohme-Takagi M. 2005. The NAC transcription factors Zhang NST1 and NST2 of Arabidopsis regulate secondary wall thickenings and are required for anther dehiscence. The Plant Cell, 17, 2993–3006.

Miyashima S, Sebastian J, Lee J Y, Helariutta Y. 2013. Stem cell function during plant vascular development. EMBO Journal, 32, 178–193.

Nicol F, His I, Jauneau A, Vernhettes S, Canut H, Höfte H. 1998. A plasma membrane-bound putative endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase is required for normal wall assembly and cell elongation in Arabidopsis. EMBO Journal, 17, 5563–5576.

Nieminen K, Blomster T, Helariutta Y, Mahonen A P. 2015. Vascular cambium development. Arabidopsis Book, 13, e0177.

Nilsson J, Karlberg A, Antti H, Lopez-Vernaza M, Mellerowicz E, Perrot-Rechenmann C, Sandberg G, Bhalerao R P. 2008. Dissecting the molecular basis of the regulation of wood formation by auxin in hybrid aspen. The Plant Cell, 20, 843–855.

Parvathi K, Chen F, Guo D, Blount J W, Dixon R A. 2001. Substrate preferences of O-methyltransferases in alfalfa suggest new pathways for 3-O-methylation of monolignols. Plant Journal, 25, 193–202.

Pauly M, Keegstra K. 2016. Biosynthesis of the plant cell wall matrix polysaccharide xyloglucan. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 67, 235–259.

Pedersen G B, Blaschek L, Frandsen K E H, Noack L C, Persson S. 2023. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. Molecular Plant, 16, 206–231.

Persson S, Wei H, Milne J, Page G P, Somerville C R. 2005. Identification of genes required for cellulose synthesis by regression analysis of public microarray data sets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 8633–8638.

Polko J K, Kieber J J. 2019. The regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in plants. The Plant Cell, 31, 282–296.

Purushotham P, Ho R, Zimmer J. 2020. Architecture of a catalytically active homotrimeric plant cellulose synthase complex. Science, 369, 1089–1094.

Rohde A, Morreel K, Ralph J, Goeminne G, Hostyn V, De Rycke R, Kushnir S, Van Doorsselaere J, Joseleau J P, Vuylsteke M, Van Driessche G, Van Beeumen J, Messens E, Boerjan W. 2004. Molecular phenotyping of the pal1 and pal2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals far-reaching consequences on phenylpropanoid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. The Plant Cell, 16, 2749–2771.

Ruonala R, Ko D, Helariutta Y. 2017. Genetic networks in plant vascular development. Annual Review of Genetics, 51, 335–359.

De Rybel B, Mähönen A P, Helariutta Y, Weijers D. 2016. Plant vascular development: From early specification to differentiation. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 17, 30–40.

Scarisbrick D H, Addo-Quaye A A, Daniels R W, Mahamud S. 1985. The effect of paclobutrazol on plant height and seed yield of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, 105, 605–612.

Scheller H V, Ulvskov P. 2010. Hemicelluloses. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 263–289.

Schilmiller A L, Stout J, Weng J K, Humphreys J, Ruegger M O, Chapple C. 2009. Mutations in the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene impact metabolism, growth and development in Arabidopsis. Plant Journal, 60, 771–782.

Setter T L, Laureles E V, Mazaredo A M. 1997. Lodging reduces yield of rice by self-shading and reductions in canopy photosynthesis. Field Crops Research, 49, 95–106.

Smit M E, McGregor S R, Sun H, Gough C, Bagman A M, Soyars C L, Kroon J T, Gaudinier A, Williams C J, Yang X, Nimchuk Z L, Weijers D, Turner S R, Brady S M, Etchells J P. 2020. A PXY-mediated transcriptional network integrates signaling mechanisms to control vascular development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 32, 319–335.

Spicer R, Groover A. 2010. Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth. New Phytologist, 186, 577–592.

Sun Q, Gu X, Chen L, Xu X, Wei Z, Pan Y, Gao Y. 2022. Monitoring maize canopy chlorophyll density under lodging stress based on UAV hyperspectral imagery. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 193, 106671.

Szyjanowicz P M, McKinnon I, Taylor N G, Gardiner J, Jarvis M C, Turner S R. 2004. The irregular xylem 2 mutant is an allele of korrigan that affects the secondary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal, 37, 730–740.

Taylor N G, Howells R M, Huttly A K, Vickers K, Turner S R. 2003. Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essential for cellulose synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 1450-1455.

Tian Z, Wang X, Dun X, Tian Z, Zhang X, Li J, Ren L, Tu J, Wang H. 2023. Integrating biochemical and anatomical characterizations with transcriptome analysis to dissect superior stem strength of ZS11 (Brassica napus). Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1144892.

Tsegaye Z, Alemu T, Desta F A, Assefa F. 2022. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial inoculation to improve growth, yield, and grain nutrient uptake of teff varieties. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 896770.

Vignols F, Rigau J, Torres M A, Capellades M, Puigdomènech P. 1995. The brown midrib3 (bm3) mutation in maize occurs in the gene encoding caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. The Plant Cell, 7, 407–416.

Wang C, Xu S, Yang C, You Y, Zhang J, Kuai J, Xie J, Zuo Q, Yan M, Du H, Ma N, Liu B, You L, Wang T, Wu H. 2024. Determining rapeseed lodging angles and types for lodging phenotyping using morphological traits derived from UAV images. European Journal of Agronomy, 155, 127104.

Wang T, Li X J, Qin L H, Liang X, Xue H H, Guo J, Li S F, Zhang L W. 2022. Better detoxifying effect of ripe forsythiae fructus over green forsythiae fructus and the potential mechanisms involving bile acids metabolism and gut microbiota. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 987695.

Wu D, Liang Z, Yan T, Xu Y, Xuan L, Tang J, Zhou G, Lohwasser U, Hua S, Wang H, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhu L, Maodzeka A, Hussain N, Li Z, Li X, Shamsi I H, Jilani G, Wu L, et al. 2019. Whole-genome resequencing of a worldwide collection of rapeseed accessions reveals the genetic basis of Ecotype divergence. Molecular Plant, 12, 30-43.

Wybouw B, Zhang X, Mähönen A P. 2024. Vascular cambium stem cells: Past, present and future. New Phytologist, 243, 851–865.

Xu C, Shen Y, He F, Fu X, Yu H, Lu W, Li Y, Li C, Fan D, Wang H C, Luo K. 2019. Auxin-mediated Aux/IAA-ARF-HB signaling cascade regulates secondary xylem development in Populus. New Phytologist, 222, 752–767.

Xuan L, Yan T, Lu L, Zhao X, Wu D, Hua S, Jiang L. 2020. Genome-wide association study reveals new genes involved in leaf trichome formation in polyploid oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant, Cell & Environment, 43, 675-691.

Yin N, Li B, Liu X, Liang Y, Lian J, Xue Y, Qu C, Lu K, Wei L, Wang R, Li J, Chai Y. 2022. Two types of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase function divergently in accumulation of lignins, flavonoids and glucosinolates and enhance lodging resistance in Brassica napus. Crop Journal, 10, 647–660.

Yoon J, Choi H, An G. 2015. Roles of lignin biosynthesis and regulatory genes in plant development. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 57, 902–912.

Yu H, Soler M, San Clemente H, Mila I, Paiva J A, Myburg A A, Bouzayen M, Grima-Pettenati J, Cassan-Wang H. 2015. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the Aux/IAA gene family in Eucalyptus: Evidence for the role of EgrIAA4 in wood formation. Plant and Cell Physiology, 56, 700–714.

Yuan Y, Teng Q, Zhong R, Ye Z H. 2013. The Arabidopsis DUF231 domain-containing protein ESK1 mediates 2-O- and 3-O-acetylation of xylosyl residues in xylan. Plant and Cell Physiology, 54, 1186–1199.

Zhang Q, Xie Z, Zhang R, Xu P, Liu H, Yang H, Doblin M S, Bacic A, Li L. 2018. Blue light regulates secondary cell wall thickening via myc2/myc4 activation of the nst1-directed transcriptional network in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 30, 2512–2528.

Zhang Y, Chen S, Xu L, Chu S, Yan X, Lin L, Wen J, Zheng B, Chen S, Li Q. 2024. Transcription factor PagMYB31 positively regulates cambium activity and negatively regulates xylem development in poplar. The Plant Cell, 36, 1806–1828.

Zhao D, Luan Y, Shi W, Tang Y, Huang X, Tao J. 2022. Melatonin enhances stem strength by increasing lignin content and secondary cell wall thickness in herbaceous peony. Journal of Experimental Botany, 73, 5974-5991.

Zhong R, Burk D H, Morrison W H 3rd, Ye Z H. 2002. A kinesin-like protein is essential for oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils and cell wall strength. The Plant Cell, 14, 3101–3117.

Zhong R, Lee C, Ye Z H. 2010a. Evolutionary conservation of the transcriptional network regulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science, 15, 625–632.

Zhong R, Lee C, Ye Z H. 2010b. Global analysis of direct targets of secondary wall NAC master switches in Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant, 3, 1087–1103.

Zhong R, Lee C, Zhou J, McCarthy RL, Ye Z H. 2008. A battery of transcription factors involved in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 20, 2763–2782.

Zhong R, McCarthy R L, Haghighat M, Ye Z H. 2013. The poplar MYB master switches bind to the SMRE site and activate the secondary wall biosynthetic program during wood formation. PLoS ONE, 8, e69219.

Zhong R, Richardson E A, Ye Z H. 2007a. The MYB46 transcription factor is a direct target of SND1 and regulates secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 19, 2776–2792.

Zhong R, Richardson E A, Ye Z H. 2007b. Two NAC domain transcription factors, SND1 and NST1, function redundantly in regulation of secondary wall synthesis in fibers of Arabidopsis. Planta, 225, 1603–1611.

Zhong R, Ye Z H. 2009. Transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 4, 1028–1034.

Zhong R, Ye Z H. 2015. Secondary cell walls: Biosynthesis, patterned deposition and transcriptional regulation. Plant and Cell Physiology, 56, 195–214.

Zhu Y, Li L. 2021. Multi-layered regulation of plant cell wall thickening. Plant and Cell Physiology, 62, 1867–1873.

Zhu Y, Song D, Xu P, Sun J, Li L. 2018. A HD-ZIP III gene, PtrHB4, is required for interfascicular cambium development in Populus. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 16, 808–817.