Relationships of N, P and K Requirement to Wheat Grain Yield of Farmers in Major Wheat Production Regions of China
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| HUANG QianNan, WANG ZhaoHui, HUANG TingMiao, HOU SaiBin, ZHANG Xiang, MA QingXia, ZHANG XinXin |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2018,51(14
):2722
-2734. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.010
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【Objective】It is of great significance to clarify relationships of NPK requirement to farmers’ wheat grain yield for reasonable fertilization and decreasing fertilizer application rates.【Method】A 2 years long on-farm survey combined with sample collection and analysis related to wheat production were carried out in the Spring Wheat (SW), Dryland Wheat (DW), Wheat-Maize (WM), Rice-Wheat regions (RW) of China, to study the relationships of NPK requirement to wheat grain yield of farmers.【Result】The mean grain yield of wheat was observed to be 6.4 t·hm-2, and the differences were significant among the yield averages of different regions, with the grain yield average of 6.0, 4.0, 7.7, 5.5 t·hm-2 in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively. The high yield regions usually had higher above-ground biomass and spike numbers, and harvest indexes increased with grain yields. The average N requirement was 28.1 kg·Mg-1, with the average of 28.6, 28.3, 29.3 and 25.0 kg·Mg-1 in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively, and the N requirement average decreased significantly by16.9% and 16.4% in DW and WM, tending to decrease but being not significant in SW and RW regions, when the yield was increased from the very low to the very high levels. The average P requirement was 4.0 kg·Mg-1, with the average of 4.5, 3.2, 4.1 and 4.1 kg·Mg-1 in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively. P requirement average decreased significantly by 11.4% and 17.8% in WM and RW, decreased by 8.6% but not significantin DW region, when the yield was increased from the very low to the very high levels, and even though the lowest P requirement of 3.7 kg·Mg-1 occurred at the very low wheat yield level, it was still significantly decreased by 21.4%, when the yield was increased from the lower to the very high level. The average K requirement was 21.5 kg·Mg-1, with the average of 26.5, 17.1, 23.3 and 18.8 kg·Mg-1 respectively and significantly different in the four regions, and the K requirement average significantly decreased by 4.0%, 4.4%, 12.7% and 19.9% in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively, when the yield was increased from the very low to the very high levels, although the difference was only significant in the RW region. 【Conclusion】Wheat grain yield of farmers were significantly different among the main wheat production regions in China, relationships of NPK requirements to grain yields were also different with regions, and generally they tended to decrease with the grain yield increase. Therefore, fertilizer application recommendation should determine the reasonable nutrient requirement based on the yield levels, the crop nutrient requirement characteristics and the land soil nutrient supply capacities of farmers, in order to avoid over or insufficient fertilizer application in different regions of China.
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Analysis on Yield Increasing and Nitrogen Efficiency Enhancing of Winter Wheat Under Film Mulching Cultivation in the Loess Plateau
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| LI TingLiang, XIE YingHe, GAO ZhiQiang, HONG JianPing, MENG LiXia, MA HongMei, MENG HuiSheng, JIA JunXiang |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2018,51(14
):2735
-2746. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.011
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【Objective】The objective of the study was to determine the effects of film mulching cultivation on yield formation and nitrogen uptake-translocation of winter wheat in dry highland of Loess Plateau, so as to provide important basis for high yield and high efficiency in rainfed winter wheat production.【Method】An experiment was conducted to study the effects of interactions between different fertilization and film mulching practices on yield formation of winter wheat, aboveground nitrogen accumulation and translocation, soil nitrate-N residue and N balance in soil-plant system by four cultivation patterns, including farmer pattern (PF), farmer fertilization rate plus ridge mulching-furrow planting (RFSF1), monitoring fertilization plus ridge mulching-furrow planting (RFSF2) and monitoring fertilization plus whole field filming with soil covering and hole-seeding (WFFHS), during 2012-2016 in winter wheat growing region of dry highland in Southern Shanxi. 【Result】 Obtained results showed that average yield of winter wheat under traditional farmer pattern was 3 367 kg·hm-2 , which could be increased to 4 491 kg·hm-2 by optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation. The contribution rate of optimized fertilization on yield was 14.8%, and the synergy contribution rate of mulching and optimized fertilization was up to 24.7%-42.1%. The yield formation mainly depended on spike number per hectare, followed by thousand kernel weight in dry high land of Loess Plateau. Due to the reasonable population construction and favorable water and nutrient conditions, the spike number per hectare, 1000-grain weight and yield of WFFHS treatment were the highest, with the mean value of 5.81million·hm-2, 44.3 g and 4 785 kg·hm-2, respectively. In terms of aboveground nitrogen translocation, a significant positive correlation was observed between nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis and biomass or grain yield, the correlation coefficients were 0.959** and 0.960**, respectively. About three quarters of N in grain were from translocation of vegetative organs before anthesis, and a quarter from root uptake after anthesis under the PF treatment, optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation remarkably increased the nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grains, the translocation contribution rate was 81.4%-88.8%. In terms of soil nitrate-N residue, the accumulation amounts of nitrate nitrogen of 1 m soil layer had been over 100 kg·hm-2 on account of long-term excessive fertilization in Loess Plateau, and the peak of nitrate nitrogen accumulation was 20-60 cm layer. After successive planting of winter wheat for 4 years, the accumulation amounts of nitrate nitrogen in 2 m soil layer under traditional fertilization rate had been up to 277 kg·hm-2, of which 75% concentrated on 0-120 cm soil layer, with a 87.7% increase since pre-sowing of 2012. However, the amounts of nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 2 m soil layer under optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation was only 15.7%-24.2% higher than that at pre-sowing in 2012. Meanwhile, it was found that nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 120-200 cm at harvest stage in 2016 was 10.2%-133.7% higher than that at pre-sowing in 2012, which indicated that the residual nitrate nitrogen had a strong leaching downward trend. With considering of aftereffect of residual N, the soil N balance for 4 years was overall analyzed, and it was observed that the N utilization efficiency was 28.8%-56.7%, the N apparent residual rate was 12.1%-28.9%, and the N apparent loss rate was 31.2%-49.6% in dry highland of Loess Plateau. Optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation could reduce the apparent nitrogen loss and the residual Nmin, increase the apparent mineralized nitrogen. The WFFHS treatment could utilize the residual Nmin and mineralized nitrogen in a more great extent, which accumulated in the previous years, so the WFFHS treatment had lowest nitrogen apparent loss rate (31.2%) and N apparent residual rate (12.1%), highest N utilization efficiency (56.7%) among all the treatments.【Conclusion】it was concluded that whole field filming with soil covering and hole-seeding combined with monitoring fertilization cultivation could further improve the soil water and fertilizer condition, utilize the residual Nmin, increase the aboveground nitrogen accumulation and translocation, construct reasonable population, and obtain the remarkable yield increasing effect and higher N utilization efficiency finally. So it was considered as a recommendable cultivation mode in dryland of Loess Plateau.
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Nitrogen Requirement and Saving Potential for Wheat and Maize in Henan Province
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| ZHAO YaNan, XU Xia, HUANG YuFang, SUN XiaoMei, YE YouLiang |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2018,51(14
):2747
-2757. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.012
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【Objective】 Nitrogen (N) demand and saving potential under recommendation fertilization for the wheat and maize in Henan province were estimated to provide the basis for the policy of zero growth of chemical fertilizer in China.【Method】Based on the statistical data and the field trials, this paper studied the production and N consumption, estimated the N demand and furthermore the saving potential for the wheat and maize production of the whole province under the rational N fertilizer rate according to methods of fertilizer response mode, aboveground N accumulation and N requirements per 1000 kg grain yield.【Result】The N consumption for wheat and maize in Henan province was increased continuously, with the single N fertilizer consumption declining while the N fertilizer in compound and mixed fertilizer increasing. In 2015, the total N consumption for wheat and maize in the total province were 133.0×104 t and 60.9×104 t, respectively. The aboveground N accumulation for wheat and maize were averagely 209.4 and 183.7 kg·hm-2, respectively, and N requirement per 1 000 kg grain were 29.1 and 23.0 kg, respectively. The regional mean optimal N fertilizer rate for wheat and maize were 171.0 and 202.5 kg·hm-2 under the highest yield while 155.1 and 172.8 kg·hm-2 under the highest economic profit, respectively. The N demand for wheat was 57.8×104-67.7×104 t, with N saving potential of 21.8×104-48.8×104 t or 16.4%-36.7% in Henan province; while the N demand for maize was 42.7×104-67.7×104 t, with the highest N saving potential 18.2×104 t or 30.0%. 【Conclusion】The N consumption and demand for wheat and maize in Henan province were increased continuously, however, the actual N consumption exceeded the demand, representing a great potential for fertilizer saving under rational N fertilization in further.
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The Ways to Reduce Chemical Fertilizer Input and Increase Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Maize in Northeast China
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| MI GuoHua, WU DaLi, CHEN YanLing, XIA TingTing, FENG GuoZhong, LI Qian, SHI DongFeng1, SU XiaoPo, GAO Qiang |
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica
2018,51(14
):2758
-2770. DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.013
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To enhance the competitiveness of maize production and to protect the environment, it is necessary to reduce fertilizer input and to increase fertilizer use efficiency in China. Based on maize production in Northeast China, the ways to reduce fertilizer input and to increase fertilizer use efficiency are discussed from the viewpoints of the characteristics of maize nutrient requirements, the fertilizer-saving potential of nutrient-efficient cultivars, the 4R techniques for efficient fertilizer input and the alternative approaches by organic matter applications. To get 100 kg grain yield, the requirement for N, P2O5, K2O in the plant was 1.56-1.89, 0.60-0.88, and 1.27-2.3 kg, respectively. Postsilking N and P uptake is 20%-30% and 20%-40% respectively, which contributes to the grain N and the grain P by 20%-30% and 30%-38%, respectively. At the current soil productivity condition, the N fertilizer requirement for a maize grain yield level of 12 000 kg·hm-2 is around 180 kg·hm-2. The application of various new-type fertilizer may save N fertilizer by 9-25 kg·hm-2. Maize seedling growth can be improved by the application of starter fertilizer Diammonium phosphate and Ammonium sulphate + Calcium superphosphate. A high-clearance fertilizer applicator is required to apply fertilizer at later growth stage so as to match nutrient supply with plant nutrient demand. Fertigation techniques can be used in the sandy soil and/or under drought climate to increase maize yield by 19%-128%, with the highest yield level of 12 000-13 000 kg·hm-2. Subsurface fertigation has similar effect as the surface fertigation and had a great potential for application. Greenseeker technique can be used to accurately estimate leaf area index, above-ground biomass, and N uptake at maize V5-V8 stage, and therefore to realize precision and variable recommendation of in-season N fertilizer input. Based on the climate and soil conditions in northeast China, various methods can be used to return maize straw residuals to the field so that fertilizer input can be reduced and soil quality is improved. Strip-till technique is expected to be applied greatly in this area because it combines both the advantages of traditional cultivation and no-till. The research in the future should take into account the farmers’ requirement and combines technique development with extension. The researchers should develop applicable technique protocols which target the specific cultivation and/or planting patterns and can be used in a large area now or in the future, so as to reduce fertilizer input and increase fertilizer efficiency in a regional level.
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