【Objective】 Effects of high temperature after rice flowering stage on the expression profile and their patterns of mass genes related to grain storage metabolism were clarified. 【Method】 A cDNA array of 3574 unigenes containing was used for the detection of different filling grain samples and the controlled temperature treatments were conducted in growth chambers, with the daily mean temperature being controlled at 32℃(36℃/28℃) and 22℃(26℃/18℃) for high and moderate temperatures, respectively. 【Result】 The expression levels of majority genes were not sensitive to high temperature treatment among 657-673 candidate genes, with their R value (the ratio of gene hybridized signal between two temperature treatments) ranging from 0.8 to 1.2. However, the different expression genes (up-regulation or down-regulation) increased remarkably when rice plants were consistently exposed to high temperature treatment. There was a considerable difference in gene expression patterns of grain starch synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism induced by high temperature treatment after flowering stage, varied greatly with different gene function classification, metabolizing pathway, iso-form types (or subunit) and also filling stage, in which such genes imposing sugar signal function, with much wide variation in expression levels between two temperature treatment, were more sensitive to high temperature than those genes in relation with grain starch synthesis and other carbohydrate metabolism. The expressing response of storage protein genes to high temperature was mostly down-regulation, despite different patterns for some protein subunit. For all genes related to grain protein synthesis metabolism, these genes impacting ribosomal protein and defense protein synthesis were mostly sensitive to different temperature treatments or strongly-high specific expression induced by high temperature at filling stage. 【Conclusion】 There is a complex regulating network existing in the effects of high temperature stress on mass genes related to grain storage metabolism, with many genes being probably regulated by high temperature.

【Objective】 To understand the recent status of the grain quality of glutinous rice cultivars and to clarify the key objective for genetic improvement of glutinous rice in China. 【Method】 Seven grain quality traits and superior quality rates (SQR) of 570 glutinous rice cultivars bred since 1980s of the 20th century were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that each average values of all seven quality traits had reached or surpassed the standards of the Third Superior Quality of Rice. The SQRs of 7 grain quality traits tested were from 64.4% to 97.9%, with the average of 81.9%. The excellent glutinous rice varieties with all of 7 grain quality traits in or above the standards of the Third Superior Quality,occupied about 45.1% of total 570 tested materials. The average SQRs of the glutinous rice cultivars bred in 1980s and 1990s of the 20th century and 2001-2007 were of 81.5%, 81.0%, and 84.3%, respectively. Compared with the 1980s, the glutinous rice cultivars bred in 2001-2007 had higher SQR in brown rice rate (BRR), gelatinization temperature (GT) and amylose content (AC), higher by 6%, 11.8%, and 13.4%, respectively, showing the grain quality of the glutinous rice cultivars bred in 2001-2007 was better than those both in 1980s and 1990s. It was noted that the SQRs of head rice rate (HRR) in 1980s, 1990s and 2001-2007 were of 71.0%, 58.3%, and 62.9%, respectively, all lower than that of other 6 rice quality traits. The grain quality of japonica glutinous rice cultivars, in general, was better than that of indica ones. Regarding to the rice growing areas, the varieties of glutinous rice in the Central and North China had better grain quality than that in the South west and South China. 【Conclusion】 It is concluded that the grain quality of glutinous rice cultivars bred in the past recent 25 years in China is rather good. However, the grain quality of glutinous rice should be continuously improved, especially in raising further head rice rate.

【Objective】 Mapping and conforming a major QTL for oil content in linkage group 7 using BC3F1 population in Brassica napus L. 【Method】 QTL-near isogenic lines (NILs) were developed by marker assistant selection on the basis of primary QTL analysis with SG-DH lines. 1700 BC3F1 plants, containing corresponding marker genotypes on A7 and trait phenotypes of oil content, were used for fine mapping oil QTL and association analysis between the marker genotypes and the trait (oil content) performance on A7 by software WinQTLCartographer 2.5 and SPSS11.5. 【Result】 The confidence interval of oil content QTL was located between the markers ZAAS849s and R131, which range about 21.7 cM and the peak value of LOD was 9.71. The distances between QTL and the nearest flanking markers RPSaA3 and ZAAS839 were 0.9 and 2.1 cM, respectively. The additive effect of QTL was 0.75, with Chinese allele increasing oil content. Marker-oil content association analysis (ANOVA) indicated that the oil content showed a significant difference among the three types of marker genotypes in each loci within QTL region (four markers), of which the marker ZAAS839 showed the largest P value (P=1.2×10-10). 【Conclusion】 QTL position identified by mapping analysis using BC3F1 population was overlapped with primary QTL identification using SG-DH lines, however, the confidence interval was clearly decreased. The most probable QTL position is in the region near the markers RPSaA3 and ZAAS839. The genetic distance between RPSaA3 and ZAAS839 is about 3 cM.

【Objective】This study explored the ultrastructural changes of female gametophyte during its development in the apomictic monosomic addition line M14 of Beta corolliflora in sugar beet. 【Method】 The ultrastructural changes were investigated by electron microscopy. 【Result】 The monosomic addition line M14 is a facultative apomict. The diplosporous female gametophytes are of Antennaria type and Allium odorum type sexuality is of Polygonum type. Antennaria type is the main one and its ultrastructural characteristics are that the development of female gametophyte was rapid, from the functional megaspore until the cellularized embryo sac, the category and amounts of organelles present the following growth trend, i.e. nucleolus which are more big had nucleolus vacuoles, nuclear pores are obvious; there are many ribosome; also a lot of mitochondria in the development of female gametophyte, many tubes appear from the two-nucleate embryo sac, but transform into electron-transparent in eight-nucleate embryo sac, then recovered as former. The number of plastids was stable and their shapes were varied, some of them contained starch grains. The endoplasmic reticulum had many branches or were interwove as ropes near nucleus, vacuoles and cell walls. Dictyosomes were relatively rare in the development of female gametophyte, but abundant dictyosome which often associated with many small electron-transparent vesicles was found in the persistent synergid. Some lipid drops were always present near the vacuoles and mitochondrias. Late period of cellularized megagametophyte, two synergids successively degenerated in the great majority of embryo sacs, very few had only one degenerated synergid, with another persistent. Compared with Antennaria type embryo sac, the development of Allium odorum type and Polygonum type were slowly, there were no obvious changes of category and amounts of organelles until the period of one-nucleate embryo sac. Whether had degenerated cell and deposition of callose during the development of functional megaspores and one-nucleate embryo sacs were the characters distinguishing the Antennaria-type gametophyte of female and Allium odorum-type.【Conclusion】 There were distinct characteristics during the development of Antennaria-type, Allium odorum type and Polygonum type gametophyte. From the functional megaspore until the cellularized embryo sac, Antennaria type gametophyte present high rate of metabolic activity, its volume augmented increased with category and amount of organelles. It is supposed that Antennaria type gametophyte dominated the afterward growth. Whether had degenerated cell and deposition of calluses before the development of one-nucleate embryo sacs were the characters distinguishing the female gametophyte of Polygonum type, Antennaria type or Allium odorum type. From functional megaspores to one-nucleate embryo sacs, volume and cytoplasmic mature degree of Allium odorum type and Antennaria type embryo sac present slow-moving growth trend. It is concluded that most sexual female gametophyte degenerated in later developmental stages.

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to identify the differences in N absorption and use efficiency in rice genotypes with different yield performances. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted with 20 rice genotypes(10 high-yielding and 10 low-yielding performance) selected from 108 rice genotypes including early (125-135 d, growth duration), medium (136-145 d) and late-maturing (146-155 d) medium japonica and early (156-165 d) and medium-maturing (166-175 d) late japonica rice under 225 kg?hm-2 N fertilizer application in 2006 and 2007 on the farm of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu province, China. Yield, N accumulation, N uptake rate, N use efficiency and their relationship were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that the mean yields of high-yielding rice genotypes were 31.6%, 31.94%, 39.47%, 26.21%,and 21.82% higher than those of low-yielding rice genotypes, respectively, with the extension of the growth duration. N accumulation and use efficiency increased with the extension of the growth duration, and which of high-yielding genotypes was significantly higher than those of low-yielding genotypes. N accumulation and uptake rate of high-yielding genotypes were higher than those of low-yielding during the growth phases from transplanting to elongation and from elongation to heading, while it showed a reversed trend during the growth phase from heading to maturing for some genotypes. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significant or highly significant positive correlations between yield and N accumulation, N use efficiency, N uptake rate during the growth phase from transplanting to elongation.【Conclusion】 Compared with the low-yielding rice genotypes, N accumulation in various growing stages, N uptake rate before heading and N use efficiency of high-yielding rice genotypes were higher. It was obvious that high yield and increasing N accumulation and use efficiency could be coordinated development on improving genotype.

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to elucidate the physiological mechanisms of the maize hybrids under P deficiency condition, and to provide a scientific evidence for extension and utilization of cultivars with higher yield and efficiency. 【Method】 Three maize hybrids, Liyu 16, Jidan 28, and Kuancheng 10, were used as the testing materials and subjected to two phosphorus levels: sufficiency and deficiency. Effects of P deficiency on plant development, root morphology, activity and physiological characters were investigated among three cultivars at the seedling stage in hydroponic culture. 【Result】 The results showed that under P-deficient condition, the height, dry weight and P content increment in shoot and whole seedling all decreased while the dry weight of roots and ratio of root to shoot increased. Moreover, root length enhanced by 61%, 62%, and 17%, root radius depressed by 19%, 29%, and 4%, and root surface area increased by 31%, 18%, and 13%, respectively, compared with plants with P. Total uptake area and specific surface area of roots were both low, and pH in the nutrient medium respectively reduced by 1.3, 0.8, and 0.7 units, but the three cultivars all had higher uptake kinetics of H2PO4? and stronger abilities to endure P deficiency. The acid phosphatase (APase) activities in root tissue were improved. However, there were still significant differences among the cultivars. 【Conclusion】Compared with Jidan 28 and Kuancheng 10, Liyu 16 had higher dry weight increment, root length and root surface area, root activity and proton exudation, stronger tolerance ability to P deficiency, larger uptake kinetics of H2PO4– and APase activity in root tissue.

【Objective】 To reveal the mechanism responsible for Al-resistance in stylo (Stylosanthes), Al-induced secretion of citrate from roots was investigated. 【Method】 The Al-resistance and the effect of Al on the secretion of citrate from roots in stylo (cv. Reyan 2) with comparison to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., cv Sunshine 3) were studied by hydroponics. 【Result】 There was no dramatic inhibition on the root elongation of stylo exposed to a 10 μmol?L-1 AlCl3 solution, while root elongation was inhibited significantly and the root apices were strongly stained by cyanine R in alfalfa after exposure of roots to 3 or 5 μmol?L-1 AlCl3 for 24 h. Under Al stress, citrate was secreted from roots of stylo. The amount of citrate secretion in stylo was increased with the increasing Al concentration (10, 20, 30 μmol?L-1 AlCl3) and the duration of Al treatment (6, 12, 18, 24 h), but citrate was not secreted from roots in alfalfa. On the other hand, 10 μmol?L-1 anion channel inhibitors including phenylglyoxal, niflumic acid, 4,4’-disothiocyanastilbene- 2,2’-disulfonic acid, and 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid blocked the secretion in stylo. However, neither Al treatment nor the treatment with A-9-C failed to affect the citrate synthase activity of the root apices significantly in stylo. 【Conclusion】 These results suggest that Al-induced secretion of citrate from roots may be a mechanism responsible for Al-resistance and the anion channels involve in the secretion in the stylo.

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of weak light on the photosynthetic characteristics of peanut leaves at the seedling stage and to offer a theoretical basis for the programming of peanut intercropped with wheat. 【Method】 Fenghua 1 was grown in an experiment with four shading treatments (CK, in which the plants were grown under natural light, and 27% shading, 43% shading, 77% shading) and the investigation was carried out at seedling stage using black sunshade net. The chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic curve, fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic enzyme activities were tested. 【Result】 Shading treatment significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci), light compensation point, light saturation point, CO2 compensation concentration, CO2 saturation concentration, carboxylation efficiency, RUBPCase and PEPCase activities along with the shading degree but increased the chlorophyll content, apparent quantum yield, and ФPSⅡ and Fv/Fm. Real-time low light intensity and long-term shading treatment depressed photosynthetic enzyme activities jointly. 【Conclusion】 Shading at seedling stage depressed Pn significantly, which induced by stomatal limitation and non-stomatal factors (such as decline of photosynthetic ability of mesophyll cell, changes of absorbed light allocation of PSⅡ), improved the capacity of utilization of weak light. Shading of 27% had less influence, and therefore can program plant the standards of intercropping system of wheat and peanut.

【Objective】 Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) is a kind of agricultural pests with wide occurrence, severe harm, strong virulence in soybean around the world, so it is an effective way to breed resistant soybean varieties to control whitefly. This study was to reveal the inheritance of resistance to whitefly in soybean, and provide information for soybean breeding. 【Method】 Two crosses, Qihuang 26×Huapidou and Huapidou×Qihuang 26, were made with the highest resistant germplasm Huapidou and the highest susceptible germplasm Qihuang 26. From the crosses, 4 F2 populations were derived in Jinan and Guanxian of Shandong. The means of whitefly per leaflet (MWPL) of all the populations were identified. Genetic analysis was performed under the major gene + polygene mixed inheritance model in these populations. 【Result】 Resistance of soybean to whitefly was controlled by two major genes and plus polygene, with the major genes inheritability of 86.41%, 85.72%, 95.90%, and 95.26%, respectively. 【Conclusion】The inheritance of resistance to whitefly in soybean was controlled by major genes and polygene, and affected by the environment.

【Objective】 Repertoires of pathogenicity effectors in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola are injected into plant cells through type-Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS) which is encoded by the hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes, but it is unclear what roles the hrcJ gene plays in pathogen pathogenesis in rice and in T3SS formation. 【Method】 In this report, the hrcJ gene was knocked out by marker exchange method. 【Result】 It was found that the mutant had lost the ability to trigger HR in tobacco and pathogenicity in rice. Protein-protein interactions, revealed by yeast two-hybrid system, demonstrated that the lipoprotein domain at N-terminal of HrcJ interacted with HrcC and the transmembrane domain at C-terminal interacted with HrcV, indicating that HrcJ was a linker protein between the inner and out membranes of the pathogen cell for T3SS formation. Complementation assays in planta showed that either the deletion in the lipoprotein domain or in the transmembrane domain did not restore HR induction in tobacco and pathogenicity in rice to the hrcJ mutant. The reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that the hrcJ gene expression was regulated by the hrpX gene and the expression of the effector gene hpa1 was not affected in the hrcJ mutant. 【Conclusion】 These results suggest that the hrcJ gene is required not only for HR induction in tobacco and pathogenicity in rice, but also in T3SS formation through which pathogenicity determinants are secreted into plant cells.

【Objective】 In this paper, the characteristics of nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen supply of yellow soil planted with tobacco during the growing period of flue-cured tobacco were studied, thus providing a theoretical basis for nitrogen nutrition control of flue-cured tobacco. 【Method】 The field plot experiment adopted the in situ incubation and two experimental fields of yellow soil with different organic matter content were selected. Each experimental plot contained four treatments, i.e. fallow, planting tobacco without N, planting tobacco and supplied 90 kg N?hm2, planting tobacco, and supplied 120 kg N?hm-2. 【Result】 The results showed as follows. In flue-cured tobacco growth period, two peaks of soil nitrogen mineralization were observed, one was at the flue-cured tobacco rapid growing stage (42 days after transplanting), and the second was at the stage of top pruning (77 days after transplanting). During the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco, with the advance of time, the cumulation of the mineralizable N increased, until about 91 days after transplanting of the flue-cured tobacco, the cumulative amount of mineralizable N tended to slow. The effect of soil organic matter content on the dynamics of soil nitrogen mineralization rate was not significant, the use of nitrogen fertilizers resulted in the large fluctuations of the dynamics of soil nitrogen mineralization fluctuations. The soil mineral nitrogen was net fixed at early growth stage of flue-cured tobacco and net mineralization had a significant effect at the late growth stage. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, controlling soil nitrogen mineralization during the late growth period of tobacco can reduce soil nitrogen supply at late growth period of tobacco, at the same time, reduce the inorganic soil nitrogen fixation at the early growth stage of tobacco and promote the pre-release of inorganic nitrogen at the early growth stage of tobacco, and to a certain extent, can also alleviate the problems of excessive soil nitrogen supply at the late growth stage of tobacco.

【Objective】 Heavy metals accumulation and their influential factors were studied in different land use soils, which will provide a theoretical basis for controlling the content of heavy metals in soils. 【Method】 To identify the effects of land use on the accumulation of heavy metals in soils, 148 samples were collected from four land use types including greenhouse, open vegetable field, maize field and forest land in Siping area, Jilin Province, and Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, and Zn contents of those samples were determined with ICP-Mass. 【Result】 The result showed that there was a rather large difference in effects of the accumulation of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Zn in soils under different land use types, except Pb. Based on the assessment compared with background concentrations in soil, the higher accumulation of heavy metals was found in greenhouse and open vegetable field, lesser in maize field and forest field. The order of mean contents of heavy metals in soils was greenhouse＞open vegetable field＞maize field＞forest field. Cd , Cu had relatively serious accumulation in soils compared with Cr, Ni As and Zn. The mean content of Cd in greenhouse was 0.467 mg?kg-1, which exceeded the Grade II of Chinese Soil Quality Criterion GB15618-1995 (6.5＜pH＜7.5) for Cd standard of 0.3 mg?kg-1, and was 5.2 times of Cd in forest field. The mean contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Pb, Zn in soils under four land use types were lower than gradeⅡ of Chinese Soil Quality Criterion. Compared with the age of land use, agricultural chemical compounds application (especial the quality and quantity of applied fertilizer) was the important reason for leading to difference in accumulation of heavy metals in soils under the studied land use types. 【Conclusion】 Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Zn) accumulation in soils was significantly affected by land use types, soil in greenhouse accumulates more heavy metals than others. It is suggested that the application of high contents of heavy metals in chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer and pesticides should be avoided to prevent the accumulation of heavy metal and keep high quality soils for sustainable use.

【Objective】 In order to investigate the degradation activity, optimal condition of secreted cellulase activity and compose, the microbial community with efficient cellulose degrading ability in 28℃ was studied. 【Method】 Microbial community came from rotted rice straw was enriched and directional domesticated by improved Mandels medium. The standard cellulase activity assays were used to determine cellulase activity, the fermented juice was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to identify the composition dynamic of the community. 【Result】 The results showed that the microbial community could degrade 39.6% of rice straw gross weight within five days. When the culture medium volume was 1/5 of the whole and pH at 6 on the 5 days culture, the CMC reached the highest of 14 IU?ml-1. During the rice straw degradation, more than ten kinds of products were detected using GCMS. DGGE detected the dynamic change of microbial community composition, and the microbial composition changed greatly in different periods. The phylogenetic tree derived from 16s rDNA sequence was found that the closest relatives belong to Clostridium sp., Brevibacillus sp., Bartonella sp.、Bacteroidetes sp. 【Conclusion】 This microbial community could accelerate rice straw rotting.

【Objective】 Autumn-winter and winter-spring are two important cropping seasons for cultivating cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in solar greenhouses in China. This study was made to map and analyze some candidate QTLs of yield-associated agronomic traits in cucumber, so as to provide information for molecular marker assisted selection of yield of greenhouse cucumber. 【Method】 A population of 113 cucumber recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Europe 8 and Qiupeng was used as materials in this study. Based on the RIL molecular linkage map consisting of 182 markers constructed previously,candidate QTLs conferring 9 yield-associated traits were analyzed. 【Result】 A total of 58 QTLs were detected in this study. Among them, 1 QTL conferring single plant yield（SPY）was located on the linkage group LG4; 6 QTLs conferring daily gain weight (DAW) were located on LG2,LG3 and LG6; 5 QTLs conferring single fruit weight (SFW) were located on LG1 and LG5; 2 QTLs conferring the number of fruit setting（NFS）were located on LG2 and LG4; 1 QTL conferring fruit abortion rate (FAR) was located on LG7; 28 QTLs conferring first female flower node (FFN) were located on LG1 through to LG8; 8 QTLs conferring total number of leaves (TNL) were located on LG2, LG7, and LG4; 2 QTLs conferring leaf areas (LA) were located on LG1 and LG3. The above-mentioned QTLs were detected in only one cropping season. There were 5 QTLs conferring female flower number (FFN) on LG2, of which, ffn2a and ffn2b, were detected in both cropping seasons, and with the same positive genetic effects. Some concentrated regions and cluster distribution of QTLs were also found in this study. 【Conclusion】A total of 58 candidate QTLs in a greenhouse-cultivated cucumber population were detected in the study. The two QTLs, ffn2a and ffn2b, were found to be expressed consistently under both cropping seasons of the greenhouse cultivation environment.

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the response mechanism of photosynthetic characteristics in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves subjected to low temperature, weak light and salt stress, and to offer a theoretical basis for the pepper production in protected culture in winter and spring. 【Method】 Chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in pepper leaves were determined. 【Result】 Compared with the control, contents of Chl a, Chl b and Chl(a+b) in leaves treated with weak light, weak light under salt stress increased by 25.91%-35.75%, 31.34%-44.78%, and 27.31%-38.08%, respectively, while other treatments were reverse. Moreover, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, the maximal efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of PSⅡ electron transport (ΦPSⅡ) decreased and antenna heat dissipation (D), excess light energy (E) of PSⅡ increased under single low temperature, weak light, salt stress or combined stress, especially low temperature under salt stress. 【Conclusion】 Although net photosynthetic rate decreased under single or combined stress, the limited factor of different stresses leading to decreased net photosynthetic rate in pepper leaves is different. The effects of low temperature under salt stress on photosynthetic characteristics in pepper leaves are the greatest and the lowest is weak light. With the effect of low temperature, weak light and salt combined stress is the next to low temperature under salt stress.

【Objective】 This paper was aimed to discuss the effects of intercropping aromatic plants on the microbial quantity and nutrients in sand soil in pear orchard. 【Method】 Intercropping Centaurea cyanus, Saturela hortensis L, Nepeta cataria, Agerarum houstonianum and Ocimum basilicum L were used as experimental treatments and natural grass was used as control to study the soil microbial quantity , the content of the soil nutrients,as well as the relationship among them during their young fruit period,fruit enlargement period, and fruit maturity period, respectively. 【Result】 Compared with the control, intercropping Centaurea cyanus and Ocimum basilicum L increased the microbial quantity significantly in different developing periods and at each soil layer , as well as regulated the ratio of the soil fungi, bacteria and actinomyees in soil microbial community. Intercropping aromatic plants also showed different effects on microbial quantity and ratio. The soil microbial quantity under different treatments was more than that in young fruit period, and the ratio among the fungi, bacteria and actinomyees in fruit enlargement and maturity periods was more favorable than the latter in different layers. The microbial quantity was much higher at layer of 0-20 cm than that of 20-40 cm under different treatments. Compared with the control, all treatments showed different effects on soil nutrient. The content of the soil nutrients under different treatments showed various trends with the change of developing period. The correlation analysis showed that there were multiple significant positive correlations between microbial quantity and the content of soil nutrients with aromatic plants intercropping in sand soil in pear orchard. 【Conclusion】 From analysis it could be seen that intercropping aromatic plants in sand soil in pear orchard had good regulatory effects on the soil microbial quantity , the ratio of the soil fungi, bacteria and actinomyees in soil microbial community and the soil available nutrients, among which, intercropping Ocimum basilicum L on the soil microbial quantity and content of the soil nutrients was better than other treatments.

【Objective】 The objective is to study the effect of pH on the secondary structure, α-helix of pork myofibrillar protein, and the hardness, water holding capacity (WHC) and microstructure of its heat-induced gel. 【Method】 The α-helix of pork myofibrillar protein under different pH were measured by circular dichroism (CD), and the hardness, WHC and microstructure of the heat-induced gel were determined by texture analyzer, centrifugation method and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. 【Result】 The α-helix of pork myofibrillar protein and WHC of its heat-induced gel increased with pH away from pI, the hardness reached its maximum when pH was 6.0, the gel had a uniform and orderly microstructure in neutral, while it had disorderly and uneven microstructure with polymer in the acidic. 【Conclusion】 The α-helix of myofibrillar protein is positive correlated with the WHC of its heat-induced gelation, and the gel has an orderly microstructure with more α-helix, while rough microstructure with less α-helix.

【Objective】 The experiment was made to study the relation of alpaca coat color and the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in alpaca skin. 【Method】 The relationship between the alpacas coat color and the expression of NOS was studied by determining the expression and localization of NOS in alpaca skin with different hair colors. The protein expression of NOS was determined by western blotting. The tissue localization of NOS was examined by immunohistochemistry. 【Result】 There was a positive expression of three NOS in skin of white alpaca group and brown alpaca group, the expression in hair follicle tissue significantly higher than peripheral connective tissue (P＞0.05). In hair follicle tissue of white alpaca group and brown alpaca group, the expression of NOS1 and NOS3 showed a weak positive, NOS2 showed a strong positive. The expression of NOS2 in hair follicle tissue of white alpaca group was significantly lower than those in brown alpaca group (P＞0.05). The expression of NOS1 and NOS3 showed no significant difference in hair follicle tissue of white alpaca group and brown alpaca group (P＜0.01). The expression of three NOS showed no significant difference in connective tissue (P＞0.05). Western blotting showed that the expression of NOS2 in white alpaca group was significantly lower than those in brown alpaca group (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】This is the first study on the expression of NOS in alpaca skin with different coat colors, three NOS main expression in hair follicle site. The expression of NOS1 and NOS3 is not related with coat color; the expression of NOS2 in hair follicle is related with coat color. The experiment has laid a foundation for further study on the effect of nitric oxide signal on melanin production.

【Objective】 To investige into the differentially expressed proteins between the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) worker and queens larvae , the proteome profiling of the workers and the queens were compared on day 3, day 5 and day 11 during the developmental process of the honeybee caste differentiation. 【Method】 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was employed to set up protein profiling of the queens and the workers during their eleven days development. Then the protein abundance, molecular weight and pI were analyzed. 【Result】 Totally, 288 and 274 proteins were detected in the proteome profile of queens on day 3 and day 5, respectively, which is significantly higher than those detected in workers ( 259 and 236, accordingly). And in the head of 11-day pupae, also evidently higher number of total proteins (311) was detected in queens than those of workers (278). On the third day, 156 proteins were presented in both queens and workers larvae, while 132 proteins were specific to queens larvae, and 103 proteins were exclusive to workers larvae. While on the fifths day, larvae of queens and workers had 95 shared proteins, and 179 proteins were specific to queen larvae and 141 proteins to workers larvae. Until the eleventh day, 194 proteins were resolved in the head of queen and workers, while 117 and 84 proteins were unique to the heads of queen and workers, respectively.【Conclusion】 Significant differences were found in the proteome between queens and workers during the process of caste differentiation. While the increased number of total and specific proteins in queens showed that the metabolic rate and gene expression of queens is higher than those of workers. The proteins both in queens and workers suggest that they should be indispensable for caste development, but their expression patterns are different between two bee castes. The protein specifically expressed at each time-point indicate that different caste developmental stages need specific proteins to be involved in.

【Objective】 The objective of the experiment is to develop a one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for rapid and sensitive detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). 【Method】 Three pairs of primers were designed to identify 8 positions in N gene, the sensitivity and specificity of RT-LAMP were determined and clinical test was performed under optimized amplification condition. 【Result】 A RT-LAMP assay was developed for the rapid detection of PRRSV. The process of assay was conducted with one step amplification within 70 minutes and amplification results were visualized. The sensitivity of RT-LAMP assay was 10 000 times higher than RT-PCR. In the detection of 50 porcine serum samples, this assay showed excellent agreement with the standard RT-PCR assay (κ＝0.83). 【Conclusion】 Therefore, the rapid and simple assay is a potential useful technique for PRRSV detection in field condition.

【Objective】 In order to develop new drugs against cysticercosis, the dUTPase gene from Cysticercus cellulosae was cloned and expressed. Functionality of the purified recombinant dUTPase was proven by demonstrating catalytic activity towards different substrates. 【Method】 The gene of the dUTPase was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from Cysticercus cellulosae, then cloned into fusion expression vector of pET, and highly expressed in E. coli BL21. The His6-tagged recombinant dUTPase was purified on Ni2+–IDA–Sepharose, and the enzymatic activity was investigated. 【Result】 Analysis showed that the open reading frames (ORFs) of dUTPase genes from both cysticerci and oncospheres shared 100% identity, and five conserved motifs were also found in amino acid sequence. The molecular mass of recombinant dUTPase was 21 kD as judged by SDS-PAGE. After purified, the protein concentration of dUTPase was 2.863mg?mL-1. The analysis of the enzymatic activity indicated that the recombinant dUTPase could catalyse the hydrolysis of dUTP and the activity of enzyme was enhanced by Mg2+ and inhibited by EDTA. 【Conclusion】 The dUTPase from Cysticercus cellulosae has been cloned, expressed and identified, which provided a material foundation for a novel drug design against cysticercosis.

【Objective】 The ultrastructure of oncosphere membrane and egg of Taenia solium were observed in a study. 【Method】 The decoction areca and pumpkin seeds were taken by the patients (limosis) to get T. solium mature eggs. After being treated with sodium hypochlorite to break the eggshells, the oncospheres were gathered with isoosmotic percoll solution and were treated with the artificial intestinal juice to activate oncospheres. Then the ultrastructure of egg and oncosphere membrane were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). 【Result】 The egg was in oval shape with the size of 50-58 μm and consist of embryophore, inner cytoplasmic layer, oncosphere membrane and oncosphere. The structure of developmental T. solium oncosphere membrane was composed of residual layer of outer envelope, outer cytoplasmic layer (including the outer irregular compact layer and the inner homogeneous lucent layer), the embryophore (including blastoderm layer and inner cytoplasmic layer) and oncosphere membrane from outside to inside, respectively. However,there was only one layer in the mature oncosphere membrane with a size of 49-51 nm. 【Conclusion】 The ultrastructure of the oncosphere membrane and egg of T. solium are similar to that of Hymenolepis diminuta and T. saginata except that the envelope is not present around the glycogen granule in underlayer of oncosphere membrane of T. solium.

【Objective】 The objective of this paper is to study the coupling effect of water and nitrogen on population physiological indices, cotton biomass and cotton yield under alternative furrow irrigation (AFI). 【Method】 The alternate furrow irrigation methods was used, the second common rotary combination design water and nitrogen application rate, and the cotton population physiological indices changes in different water and nitrogen combinations were determined in test area of field. 【Result】 The result showed that a single-factor effect of water or nitrogen on cotton physiological indices, cotton yield, cotton biomass was observed. Leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area index (LAI), yield, biomass of the irrigation and nitrogen single-factor effect indicates that when nitrogen rate was at 56.2-122.8 kg?hm-2, population physiological indices, yield, biomass and nitrogen application rate were significantly and positively correlated. Nitrogen application rate at 122.8-134.2 kg?hm-2, LAD and CGR were significantly and positively correlated, and NAR, LAI, biomass, yield, and had no significant changes. When irrigation norm was at 37.52-192 mm, population physiological indices, cotton yield, cotton biomass and irrigation had a significant positive correlation. When irrigation norm was at 192-218.48 mm, LAD, CGR, LAI and irrigation were significantly correlated, NAR, and biomass, cotton yield did not change significantly. Cotton population physiological indices, cotton biomass, cotton yield of water and nitrogen coupling effect show that when irrigation norm was at 37.52-192 mm, LAD, CGR, NAR, and LAI increased significantly with the increase of irrigation norm, but the increasing trend with the increase in nitrogen application rate decreased. Irrigation in the 192-218.48 mm, under different nitrogen application rate, population physiological indices, biomass, yield no significant change. When the nitrogen rate was at 56.2-95.2 kg?hm-2, LAD, CGR, NAR, and LAI increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but the increasing trend with the increase of nitrogen application rate tended to decrease. When nitrogen application rate was 95.2-134.2 kg?hm-2, the population physiological indices, cotton biomass, cotton yield had no significant changes. 【Conclusion】 The coupling effect of water and nitrogen on cotton physiological indicators, biomass and yield under alternative furrow irrigation, can be utilized which is to coordinate cotton growth and development, thus improving cotton yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency.

【Objective】 ISSR markers were used to study the genetic relationship and investigate the genetic diversity and genetic structure for providing a theoretical basis and technical support for appropriate conservation and application of existing genetic resources of Tagetes. 【Method】 Genetic relationship of 29 accessions of Tagetes erecta and 2 accessions of T. patula were analyzed using ISSR markers. 【Result】 The genomic DNA of 31 accessions of genus Tagetes was amplified with 11 primers, the bands produced by each primer ranged from 5 to 11, and 6.8 bands were obtained on average, the polymorphic loci ranged from 40%-100%. The cluster analysis of ISSR data indicated that the resources classified by ISSR was basically in accordance with that by traditional method, the accessions were generally classified into 2 groups of different species, and cultivars of same lines were clustered into a subgroup. 【Conclusion】 The genetic relationship and genetic diversity of genus Tagetes could be assessed efficiently by ISSR markers.

【Objective】 A novel Hin1 gene induced by the stripe rust pathogen was cloned from wheat to better understand its role in wheat defense to Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici and to abiotic stresses. 【Method】 In-silico cloning and RT-PCR were combined to isolate a gene which might encode HIN1 from wheat Suwon 11 infected by stripe rust pathogen. Bioinformatics tools were applied to analyze both the DNA sequence and protein sequence. The expression patterns of the gene in wheat organs, as well as interactions with stripe rust pathogen, induction of exogenous phytohormones and abiotic stresses, were investigated using real time quantitative RT-PCR. 【Result】 The wheat Hin1 gene designated as TaHin1 was obtained. Open reading frame (ORF) of TaHin1 was 642 bp in length, encoding 213 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 23.24 kD and predicted pI value of 8.67. TaHIN1 might be a secreted protein, containing a signal peptide and a HIN1 domain. TaHIN1 shared about 80% similarity with HIN1 from broomcorn and rice. TaHin1 expresses in wheat leaf, stem and root with no significant difference. Challenged by stripe rust fungus, TaHin1 was induced by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici only in incompatible interaction. TaHin1 was up-regualted by exogenous salicylic acid and jasmonic acid while down-regulated by abascisci acid. Exogenous ethylene could not induce the expression. TaHin1 was obviously up-regulated by various abiotic stresses such as high salinity, drought, mechanical wound and low temperature. 【Conclusion】 TaHin1 gene was firstly cloned and characterized from wheat infected by stripe rust fungus. TaHin1 might facilitate wheat defence through salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways, while abscisci acid might play a negative role in the defence. TaHin1 also played a role in response to abiotic stresses.

【Objective】 VTE3 is a key enzyme in vitamin E pathway. A VTE3 like gene (Gm VTE3) was cloned from soybean, and the expression of Gm VTE3 in tobacco and effect on tocopherol composition of seed were studied. 【Method】 A putative VTE3 was cloned and characterized from soybean via EST sequence splicing and RT-PCR, the expression was analyzed and the effect of overexpression of Gm VTE3 on tocopherol composition of seed was studied in tobacco.【Result】The full-length cDNA of Gm VTE3 is 1 026 bp, which encodes a polypeptide of 342 amino acids. The amino acid homologies of MPBQ MT among different species share higher similarities. Expression of Gm VTE3 in transgenic tobacco increased the ratio of γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol by two times compared with the control. 【Conclusion】 Gm VTE3 is the first VTE3 cloned in soybean and may catalyze the methylation of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4 benzoquinol in tobacco plant and alter seed tocopherol composition. These findings demonstrate that the gene identified in Glycine max may be used to alter the tocopherol composition of other commercial seed oils.

【Objective】 A trichoroacetic acid/acetone method was established for extracting the full leaf-proteins of rapeseed which provided the reference for the rapeseed proteomics research in the future. The difference in protein expression was identified after the resistance and susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum rapeseed were induced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. It offered the clues to searching for the resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genes.【Method】 Near-isogenic lines 98C40 (the antigen derived from Xiangyou 15) is resistant to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the parent 98C40 is susceptible to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum which were inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum during their seedling stage. Seventy-two hours after inoculation, full leaf-proteins of them were extracted respectively. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), PD-quest software and mass technology were used in differential proteomics analysis. 【Result】 Significant difference of 4 protein spots were observed between them. Protein spot a is mitochondrial F1 ATP synthase beta subunit, spot c is phosphoglycerate kinase and spot d is thiazole biosynthetic enzymes (THI1), which express only in 98C40 (the antigen derived from Xiangyou 15) not expressed in parent 98C40. Protein spot b is ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase expressed highly in 98C40 (the antigen derived from Xiangyou 15) and lowly in parent 98C40 based on 5 times difference of expression. 【Conclusion】 The four proteins are all closely related to the rapeseed metabolism. They may play a role in resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

【Objective】 The former paper had proposed the rank-sum testing method for multi-trait comprehensive evaluation, which not only can make the multi-trait comprehensive ranking, but also test the significance of difference between evaluation objects and the average level. In this paper, a rank-sum-difference testing method for multi-trait comprehensive evaluation was studied to implement the multiple comparisons among evaluation objects. 【Method】 The theoretical distribution of rank-sum-difference, based on the theoretical distribution of rank-sum, was firstly deduced by using combinatorial mathematics.【Result】 Furthermore, it was used to obtain the critical values for the rank-sum-difference testing in multi-trait comprehensive evaluation. 【Conclusion】 The proposed rank-sum-difference testing method is so simple and convenient that it can be easily used to realize multiple comparisons among various evaluation objects.

【Objective】 The effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on malic acid secretion in wheat roots were studied under Al stress. The mechanism of malic acid secretion difference of different Al-tolerant wheat varieties was investigated. 【Method】Hydroponic experiments were performed by two wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) cultivars, ET8 (Al-resistant) and ES8 (Al-sensitive). The effects of exogenous IAA, N-1-napthyl-phtalamic acid (NPA), 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic (TIBA), anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C)and niflumic acid (NIF) on secretion rate of malic acid were investigated. 【Result】 Effects of different concentrations of IAA (0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol•L-1) treatments on the secretion of malic acid were not observed in both ET8 and ES8. After a pretreatment with 50 μmol•L-1 Al for 3 h, different concentrations of IAA were applied at the Al free condition for 24 h, the secretion of malic acid increased significantly with the increasing concentrations of IAA in the ET8 but not ES8. Compared to Al (50 μmol•L-1) treatments, the secretion of malic acid in ET8 increased significantly under the co-treatment of IAA (50, 100 μmol•L-1) and Al (50 μmol•L-1), but no significant changes were seen in ES8 under the co-treatments of IAA (25, 50 μmol•L-1) and Al (50 μmol•L-1). Compared to Al (50 μmol•L-1) treatments, the secretion rate of malic acid in ET8 and ES8 decreased under the co-treatments of IAA transport inhibitors NAP (TIBA) and Al (50 μmol•L-1). Results above suggested that IAA involved in the Al-induced malic acid secretion. Compared to Al (50 μmol•L-1) treatments, significant decrease of malic acid secretion rate were observed in ET8 and ES8 under the co-treatments of 5 μmol•L-1 A9C (NIF) and Al (50 μmol•L-1). Compared to the co-treatments of A9C (NIF) and Al (50 μmol•L-1),significant increase of malic acid secretion rate were observed in ET8 and ES8 under the co-treatments of different concentrations of IAA, 5 μmol•L-1 A9C (NIF) and Al (50 μmol•L-1). Results above suggested that IAA may regulate Al-induced malic acid secretion of wheat roots via anion channel. 【Conclusion】 On the condition that malic acid secretion pathway was activated by Al, the secretion of malic acid could be increased by IAA. The different regulation effects of IAA on the secretion of malic acid of wheat with different Al-tolerant levels related with the difference of malic acid secretion.

Digital plant is the foundation of digital agriculture. Digital plant tries to explore plant kingdom by using digitized methods, and also provides information services and technology platform for digitized description, growth modeling, process simulation, visualized calculation and analysis, collaborative experiment, model sharing and integrated applications of plant-life systems. It is of great significance for discussion of digital plant and its technology system. In this paper, the concept of digital plant is introduced with a detail analysis of the basic research issues in this area. The academic foundation and technology system for digital plant are then discussed with an in-depth discussion of the strategic emphases of its research issues and strategies are to be expected. This research may provide a reference for the further development of digital plant.

【Objective】 Biocontrol potential of strain TY009 was assessed in the round by its antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani as well as Magnaporthe oryza and Ustilaginoidea virens, including the effect of pH and heat on its stability of gliotoxon. 【Method】 Gliotoxin was seperated from liquid media of Trichoderma virens strain TY009 and it was purified by chromatographic methods. Antagonistic action of strain TY009 against R. solani was determined by dual culture assay. The inhibitory activities of gliotoxin against the hypha growth and sclerotial germination of R. solani, conidial germination and appressorial formation of M. oryza and conidial germination and secondary conidium formation of U. virens, were assessed in laboratory, including the effects of heat and pH on bioactivity of gliotoxin. 【Result】 The antagonism of strain TY009 against R. solani was significant. The inhibitory activities of gliotoxin demonstrated that there was no hypha growth of R. solani in 150 μg•mL-1 of gliotoxin solution and sclerotial germination which was treated for 4 h in 160 μg•mL-1. There was no conidial germination and appressoria formation of M. oryza in 50 and 10 μg•mL-1of gliotoxin solution, respectively, and no conidial germination and secondary spore formation of U. virens in 1.0 μg•mL-1. The bioactivity of gliotoxin against the hyphae of R. solani did not change at 100℃ for 1 h, but in condium suspension of U. virens with 0.5 μg•mL-1 of gliotoxin, the bioactivity of gliotoxin against conidial germination and secondary conidium formation was not significant in the conidium suspension with a pH greater than 6.0 and significant with low pH. 【Conclusion】 T. virens strain TY009 possesses multiple mechanisms of antifungal activity and it is considered to be a potential biological control agent for biocontrol of rice sheath blight and, rice blast and rice false smut

【Objective】 To determine the spectral range of light required for lesion formation and the effect of temperature on the expression of lrd lesions, the response of lrd expression to light and temperatures was tested for certain mutants in Oryza sativa L. 【Method】 Six lrd mutants derived from Indica and Japonica by gamma-ray mutagenesis simultaneously were illuminated by Light Emitting Diode (LED) light and were cultured in two different growth chambers set at three different temperature regimes. Lesions occurred on leave were observed and photographed for comparison the effect of different treatments. 【Result】 The expression of lrd lesions for lrd31 was induced by UV light, that of lrd36 was induced by yellow light, that of lrd37and lrd35 was induced by blue light, and lrd32 or lrd40 expressed lesion under all illuminated light. lrd32, lrd36 and lrd37 formed lesion under all culturing temperatures, and cooler environment accelerated their lesion expression, lrd35 and lrd40 were suppressed at high temperature and expressed at intermediate temperature, also accelerated under lower temperature. But lrd31 formed lesion only under intermediate temperature, and no lesion formation at high or lower culturing temperature. 【Conclusion】 The expressions of lrd lesions are light-dependent, different genotypes of lrd mutants in rice need specially spectral range of light. Temperature is another factor influencing lrd expression. The lower temperature seemed to enhance the expression of lrd phenotype.

【Objective】 The present paper dealt with isolation and identification of the endophytic bacteria from Musa plants as well as the characteristics of their PLFA biomarkers. 【Method】 Healthy Musa plants were collected from Zhangzhou areas in Fujian province, China. The endophytic bacteria inside the plants were isolated by streak plate method and identified by using fatty-acid identification technology. 【Result】 The results showed that 14 species of endophytic bacteria were identified by means of microbe identification system. 9 microbial species belonged to Musa itinerans, 7 species belonged to Musa AAA cavendish var.Williams and 3 species belonged to Musa basjoo. There were 35 PLFA biomarkers detected in 14 species of endophytic bacteria, in which based on the distribution frequency in 4 types of bacteria were clustered, e.g. (1) high frequency related to characteristics of microbe in general and the PFLA were detected in 10-14 times in 14 strains of bacteria, (2) middle frequency related to bacteria in general and the PFLA were detected in 4-6 times in 14 strains of bacteria, (3) low frequency related bacterial genus and the PFLA were detected in 2-3 times in 14 strains of bacteria, (4) tiny frequency related to species and the PFLA only in a bacteria. According to the PLFA biomarkers and the cluster analysis method, the 14 species were classified into 3 groups based on the PLFA biomarkers. The diversity and richness, uniformity and dominance of the concept index ecology were used to analyze the relationship between the fatty acid biomarker gross and ecological parameters. The results showed that the richness of 16:0,18:1 W7C, 14:0, 12:0, 18:0, and 17:0 CYCLO of PLFA biomarkers was relatively high. The higher fatty acids biological response value, the lower the sum uniformity (J), the dominance of the Simpson index (D), Shannon-Wiener (H1), Brillouin (H2), Mcintosh (H3) diversity index were relatively high. 【Conclusion】 There are significant polymorphism among community structure of endophytic bacteria and their PLFA biomarkers in Musa plants.

【Objective】 Two successive generations of Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius) were studied for effects of wheat varieties on the aphid population parameters such as number of alate aphid, generation time and survival rate, also the aphid physiological parameters such as nymph developmental duration, adult longevity, fecundity, body weight, and wing-type differentiation. 【Method】 Using systematic caging methods, the population and physiological parameters were investigated on 10 wheat strains. 【Result】 There were significant differences between the varieties of M. avenae in host selection. Phototaxis of the resistant varieties to aphid was more evident. The results showed that for the parameters: Developmental duration of nymph was longer on resistant varieties; the survival rate of nymph, adult longevity, fecundity and body weight were significantly decreased. The number of alate aphids on resistant varieties was larger than that on susceptible varieties. The effects of resistant hosts to aphid physiology are perhaps exacerbated by comparing the physiological parameters through the two generations of wheat aphids. 【Conclusion】 Resistant wheat varieties have phototaxis and antibiosis to Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius). The antibiosis of wheat to aphid has cumulative effects as aphid generations continue.

【Objective】 In this paper, the inhibitory effect of tebufenozide on phenoloxidase (PO) in 5th instar larvae of the common armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, was determined. 【Method】 Fifth instar larvae of S. exigua were supplied with tebufenozide-treated artifical diet to eat for different times and the inhibitory effect of tebufenozide on PO extracted from tebufenozide-treated and non-treated 5th instar larvae were determined by biochemical methods. 【Result】 The results indicated that tebufenozide could inhibit PO activity obviously, and the inhibition concentration of tebufenozide mixed with PO directly leading to 50% activity loss (IC50) was 5.43 µmol•L-1. The inhibitory mechanism of tebufenozide on PO was a mixed-competitive inhibition for oxidation of O-dihydroxybenzene, the dissociative enzmye inhibition constant (K i) and E-S’ inhibition constant (Kis) were 11.223 µmol•L-1 and 34.036 µmol•L-1, respectively. This inhibition may carry out through tebufenozide directly combining with enzyme protein while may be not chelating with Cu2+ in the active center of PO. The PO activity in head, hemolymph and epidermis of 5th instar larvae was also significantly inhibited after the larvae were treated with two sublethal doses (28.41 µmol•L-1 and 85.23 µmol•L-1) of tebufenozide for continuous 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The inhibition rates increased with tebufenozide-treated time increasing, and inhibition rates of 85.23 µmol•L-1 were almost higher than those of 28.41 µmol•L-1 in the same tissues at the same length of tebufenozide-treated times. The orders of inhibition rates of PO by tebufenozide in different tissues at the same length of times were head > hemolymph > epidermis. 【Conclusion】 Tebufenozide can significantly inhibited PO activity, and it may be infer that the interference of new cuticle developmemt of larvae by tebufenozide is closely related to the inhibition of PO activity by tebufenozide.

【Objective】 Experiments were conducted to study the difference of potassium fixation capacity. 【Method】Fixed-site researches on cultivated layer of soil under long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil for 13 continuous years in selected regions of north China were carried out. After 13 years, soil samples of different treatments collected from each fixed-site were treated with different concentrations of KCl solution to study K fixation capacity of typical soil in northern China.【Result】 The results showed that continuous application of K fertilizer and wheat straw could reduce the fixation rate of added K significantly, and when the concentration of K increased from 1 000 mg•L-1 to 4 000 mg•L-1 in the soil solution, K fixation capacity of soils increased at the same time. In the same region, K fixation rate of soils in double cropping regime was higher than that in single cropping regime. K fixation capacity of soil showed a clear increasing trend of distribution from the west to the east. When the K concentration in the surrounding solution was 1 000 mg•L-1, the average K fixation rates of soils in NP treatment were 348.5, 442.9, and 468.5 mg•kg-1 in Northwest, North China and Northeast China, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Difference in potassium fixation rate between soils with depletion of K successively and soils supplied with K successively is an important character for judging the condition of soil potassium.

【Objective】 The objective of the experiment was to study the effect of different mulching patterns on soil water-holding capacity of apple orchard in the Weibei Plateau, and to provide a scientific basis for orchard soil and water management. 【Method】 The effects of straw mulching, film mulching, sod mulching on soil porosity and soil water-holding capacity of non-irrigated apple orchard within 100 cm soil layer were studied by soil moisture measurement in the orchard. 【Result】 Straw mulching enhanced soil porosity and increased the soil water-holding capacity within 60 cm soil layer, and after three years later of mulching, the average soil porosity in 0-60 cm layer of treatments was straw mulching＞sod mulching＞no mulching＞film mulching. The treatment of film mulching decreased soil porosity. The soil saturated water content, soil absorbed water content and soil retained water content in straw mulching treatment within 60 cm increased by 2.18 mm, 0.84 mm, and 1.34 mm compared to no mulching, increased by 2.52 mm, 1.15 mm, and 1.36 mm compared to film mulching, The soil saturated water content, soil absorbed water content and soil retained water content in sod mulching treatment within 60 cm increased by 2.01 mm, 0.69 mm, and 1.32 mm compared to no mulching, increased by 2.35 mm, 1.00 mm, and 1.34 mm compared to film mulching;Straw mulching increased soil water-holding capacity within 100 cm effectively in May and September. In May, straw mulching soil water-holding capacity within 100 cm increased by 48.85 mm compared to no mulching and increased by 31.71 cm in September. Sod mulching soil water-holding capacity was the lowest in all treatments in May, decreased by 31.71 mm compared to no mulching and there was no significant difference between sod mulching and no mulching in September. 【Conclusion】 In the apple production base of Weibei Plateau, the use of straw mulching technology can play a better role in the preservation of soil moisture, and the soil water-holding capacity within 100 cm increased significantly.