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Regulatory of Exogenous Melatonin on Floret Development and Carbon Nutrient Metabolism in Winter Wheat Under Drought Stress ZHANG Rong, LIU LinRu, FU KaiXia, WU ZiJun, SONG YiFan, WANG LuYuan, HOU GeGe, HE Li, FENG Wei, DUAN JianZhao, WANG YongHua, GUO TianCai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (23): 4644-4657.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.006 Abstract （187）   HTML （12）    PDF （1512KB）（673）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on floret development and carbon nutrient metabolism in winter wheat under drought stress. 【Method】 Two soil water conditions (drought stress treatment: D, and normal moisture treatment: W) were set up using multi-spike variety Yumai 49-198 and large-spike variety Zhoumai 22 as experimental wheat materials, with foliar spraying 100 μmol·L-1 exogenous melatonin (MT) and clear water control (CK) before the peak of floret degradation (about 20 days after jointing) in 2021-2023, focusing on the effects of exogenous melatonin on the number and morphological characteristics of floret development, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, sucrose content and its metabolic enzyme activities of top spread leaves, and yield component factors of winter wheat under drought stress. 【Result】 The drought stress led to an increase in floret degradation and abortion in wheat, while spraying exogenous melatonin could effectively reduce floret degradation and abortion, and increase number of fertile florets of the two varieties, but could not completely counteract the negative effect of drought stress; exogenous melatonin also showed positive regulatory effect on normal water treatments of the two varieties. Spraying exogenous melatonin could effectively increase SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, carbon metabolism- related enzyme activities of top spread leaves and spike sucrose content of the two varieties under drought stress and normal water treatment, and the increase range was higher in drought treatment than in normal water treatment; exogenous melatonin decreased sucrose content of stem and leaf organs of both varieties under drought stress, but the opposite was true under normal water treatment. Spraying exogenous melatonin significantly increased grain number per spike of two varieties under two moisture treatments, compared with no-spraying MT treatment, the grain number per spike of Yumai 49-198 with spraying MT treatment increased by 19.12% (D) and 6.65% (W), respectively; the grain number per spike of Zhoumai 22 with spraying MT treatment increased by 21.57% (D) and 8.73% (W), respectively; spraying MT showed some regulation effect on spike number and thousand grain weight of the two varieties under the same water treatment, but did not reach a significant level. Compared the differences between two varieties, the regulatory effect of spraying melatonin was overall higher in the large-spike variety Zhoumai 22 than in the multiple-spike variety Yumai 49-198. 【Conclusion】 Spraying exogenous melatonin before the peak of floret degradation could effectively increase the SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, and carbon metabolism-related enzyme activities of top spread leaves in wheat, and promote synthesis of photosynthesis products and the distribution and transportation of sucrose from stem and leaf nutrient organs to spike organ, which could provide sufficient nutrient security for the development of florets to increase number of fertile florets, thereby increasing grain number per spike, and the regulating effect on the large-spike variety of Zhoumai 22 was more pronounced. The results of this study provided the theoretical basis and technical support for increasing grain number per spike, stabilizing yield and reducing disaster under drought stress through the application of exogenous melatonin. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation Effects of Line-Spacing Expansion and Row-Spacing Shrinkage on Dry Matter and Nutrient Accumulation and Transport of Summer Maize Under High Plant Density SHI DeYang, LI YanHong, WANG FeiFei, XIA DeJun, JIAO YanLin, SUN NiNa, ZHAO Jian Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (23): 4658-4672.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.007 Abstract （165）   HTML （16）    PDF （681KB）（140）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the effect of line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage on maize yield, dry matter and nutrient accumulation and transport under high-density planting conditions, and to clarify the optimal allocations of row-spacing, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the further increase of grain yield in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region.【Method】 For two consecutive maize growing seasons in 2019-2020, under the planting density of 82 500 plants/hm2, a field comparison experiment was conducted with 5 equidistant row, including 60 cm (B1), 65 cm (B2), 70 cm (B3), 75 cm (B4) and 80 cm (B5), and 2 summer maize varieties, including Denghai 518 (DH518) and Denghai 605 (DH605). The effects of line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage on maize yield and its constituent factors, dry matter accumulation, distribution and transport, nutrient absorption and transport were studied, and the correlation between dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption and yield was analyzed too. 【Result】 The increase of the yield of summer maize showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, reaching the extreme value under B4. In the 2-year experiment, the yields of DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 9.59% and 13.18% on average compared with B1 treatment, respectively. The analysis of yield components showed that the yield of summer maize was affected mainly by the number of grains per ear, the grain number per spike of DH518 and DH605 increased by 8.30% and 11.1% under B4 treatment compared with B1 treatment, respectively. Line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage significantly affected the dry matter accumulation of maize plants after silking (R1), and the increase of trailing distance showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, which reached the maximum value under B4 treatment. Logistic regression equation was used to fit the growth curve, and it was found that the maximum dry matter accumulation rate of DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 13.6% and 16.3% than that under B1 treatment, respectively, and the average growth rate increased by 15.9% and 17.5%, respectively. Appropriate increase of planting row spacing could improve dry matter accumulation after R1, and dry matter transfered from vegetative organs to grain before R1. The accumulation of N, P and K in the two varieties increased first and then decreased. The N, P and K accumulation of DH518 in R1 and physiological maturity (R6) were increased by 5.2%-25.2%, 9.8%-43.5%, 3.5%-26.1% and 6.3%-29.0%, 9.6%-49.9%, and 8.5%-31.0% compared with B1 treatment, respectively; DH605 increased by 6.0%-17.4%, 5.7%-28.9%, 5.2%-19.1% and 7.6%-28.4%, 8.7%-46.5%, and 6.6%-25.7%, respectively. The increase of row spacing significantly increased the volume of transshipment of N, P and K in the 2 varieties, and reached the extreme value under B4 treatment. The volume of transshipment of N, P and K in DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 19.9%, 39.3%, 23.3% and 14.6%, 30.8%, 24.9% compared with B1 treatment, respectively. The correlation analysis of above-ground dry matter accumulation and N, P, K accumulation and yield in R1 and R6 showed that the dry matter accumulation and N, P, and K accumulation were significantly positively correlated with grain yield.【Conclusion】 Under high density planting conditions, line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage improved the maximum and average dry matter growth rate of DH518 and DH605, and promoted nutrient translocation amount and contribution rate of accumulation nutrients after the R1 stage, synergistically, thus increased maize yield and fertilizer utilization. Considering yield, accumulation and transport of dry matter and nutrients, 75 cm equal row spacing was beneficial to yield under the planting condition of 82 500 plants /hm2 in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Late Sowing on Yield, Quality, Photosynthetic Source Succession and Loadability Characteristics of Rape LI Fei, XIONG Cai, GU JiaJia, CAO Xin, WANG ShanShan, HU Wei, ZHOU ZhiGuo, CHEN BingLin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (23): 4673-4685.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.008 Abstract （157）   HTML （10）    PDF （633KB）（102）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the regulation mechanism of late sowing on succession of photosynthetic sources (leaf and silique shell), source loadability, yield and quality in rape. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in the Dafeng District, Yancheng city of Jiangsu Province, and Nanjing of Jiangsu Province in 2022-2023. The main factors sowing dates were set up at 6 levels, October 17th (SD1), October 23rd (SD2), October 29th (SD3), November 4th (SD4), November 10th (SD5), and November 16th (SD6), and the secondary factors were two conventional varieties: Nannongyou 4 (strong cold resistance) and Zheyou 51 (medium cold resistance). The effects of different sowing dates on dynamic change characteristics of leaf area index (LAI), pod area index (PAI) and source succession, source loadability and rape yield and quality were investigated. 【Result】 (1) The later the sowing dates, the younger the pre-winter seedling age, and the lower the overwintering survival rate. The latest safe date of late-sowing rapeseed in the lower reaches of Yangtze River was the end of October, and the pre-winter seedling age was more than 5 leaves. The sowing date was postponed to November, the leaf age of rape decreased to 1.2-3.6 leaves, and the average overwintering survival rate was less than 30%. The average overwintering rate of Nannongyou 4 in November was 30.9%, which was 14.5% higher than that of Zheyou 51. (2) During the latest safe sowing period, the yield of rapeseed decreased significantly with the delay of sowing dates, and the decrease of plant silique number and 1000-seed weight were the most direct factors causing the decrease of oilseed yield. With the delay of sowing date, compared with SD1, the yield of SD2 and SD3 decreased by 9.6% and 29.0%, the number of plant silique number decreased by 6.1% and 23.9%, and the 1000-seed weight decreased by 4.4% and 6.5%, respectively. The average content of fat and protein in Nannongyou 4 was 42.9% and 25%, which in Zheyou 51 was 47.9% and 22.7%, respectively. (3) With the delay of sowing dates, the maximum LAI and PAI of rape decreased significantly, the slow growth rate before LAI reaching the peak and the fast decline rate after LAI reaching the peak both decreased, and the rapid growth rate of PAI slowed down. The later the sowing dates, the earlier the LAI and PAI succession points (the lower the effective accumulated temperature), and the lower the LAI and PAI succession points (the lower the LAI and PAI succession point). The photosynthetic source and source succession dynamic characteristic values of Nannongyou 4 were generally better than those of Zheyou 51. (4) With the delay of sowing date, the leaf area decreased faster than the seeds yield and pod area, caused the leaf loadability gradually increased, while the silique loadability gradually decreased. Insufficient leaf source and seeds sink were the main reasons for the yield reduction of late sowing. The leaf and shell loadability of Nannongyou 4 was both higher than that of Zheyou 51.【Conclusion】 Within the latest safe sowing period of rapeseed in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, it was advisable to select cold-resistant, high-yield and high-oil varieties with suitable photosynthetic source succession point and high source load, to reduce yield loss caused by late sowing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Sowing Date Adjustment on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in Northern Area of North China ZHAO HuaRong, ZHOU GuangSheng, QI Yue, GENG JinJian, TIAN XiaoLi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2964-2985.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.005 Abstract （581）   HTML （38）    PDF （698KB）（2179）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on the field staging experiments, this study revealed the different responses of winter wheat and summer maize sowing date adjustments in growth and development, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, grain filling, yield formation and quality to climate warming in northern area of North China, providing scientific basis for agricultural production measures to cope with climate change in North China Plain.【Method】Different sowing date experiments of winter wheat and summer maize have been conducted at Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station in northern area of North China from 2017 to 2023, which were set up in four sowing dates, including 10 d early sowing, 10 d late sowing, 20 d late sowing, and control. The growth process, above-ground dry matter accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, grain filling rate, yield agronomic traits, and grain nutrients of winter wheat and summer maize were observed. 【Result】 The whole growth period of winter wheat was shortened with the delay of sowing date, mainly because of the shortening of seedling stage before winter. There was a parabolic relationship between the whole growth period and sowing date of summer maize. The seedling stage was shortened by 1.3 d, and the flowering stage and grain formation-filling stage were extended by 1.5 d and 1.6 d for every 10 d delay of sowing date. The grain filling characteristics of winter wheat and summer maize were not sensitive to sowing date adjustments, and the grain filling rate of summer maize was little different during different sowing dates, but the grain formation period, the filling end date and the peak date were successively delayed due to the delay of sowing date, and the duration of filling days was shortened by 4.0 d for every 10 d delay of sowing date. Under the background of warm autumn and winter in northern wheat region, the sowing duration of winter wheat was extended, while its influence on the yield was obviously weakened. The delay of sowing date with the increase of sowing seed amount would result in yield increase slightly. The yield of summer maize decreased significantly with the delay of sowing date, and the decline rate of theoretical yield was 1 381.50 kg·hm-2 for every 10 d delay of sowing date, but the yield of winter wheat and summer maize showed a jumping decease for 20 d late sowing. The grain distribution rate increased by 1.67% for winter wheat, decreased by 1.57% for summer maize with every 10 d delay of sowing date. As a result, the harvest index increased by 0.017 for winter wheat, and decreased by 0.016 for summer maize with every 10 d delay of sowing date. The leaf photosynthetic rates (Pn) of winter wheat and summer maize were also different in response to sowing date, they were similar for winter wheat during different sowing dates, while decreased by 1.21 μmol·m-2·s-1 for summer maize for every 10 d delay after sowing date. Sowing date adjustments had no significant effects on grain quality of winter wheat and summer maize in northern area of North China. 【Conclusion】Extending suitable sowing date range and sowing date delay of winter wheat in North China Plain were positive and effective measures to adapt to climate warming. The early sowing of summer maize in North China Plain might avoid the negative effects of high temperature and heat damage, and would promote the increase of yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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