长期连作蔗地土壤养分时空分异特征的产量限制因子识别

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.006

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal variation in characteristics of soil chemical properties and their relationship with sugarcane yield under long-term continuous cropping, identify the key soil factors limiting sugarcane productivity, and provide a scientific basis for sustainable soil management in sugarcane fields.【Method】 A space-for-time substitution approach was adopted with five continuous cropping duration treatments: CK (0 a), T1 (1 a), T2 (10-19 a), T3 (20-29 a), and T4 (>35 a). Sugarcane yield and soil chemical properties within the 0-60 cm profile (stratified into 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm layers) were systematically analyzed, including pH, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and available micronutrients contents. The integrated fertility index (IFI) was calculated using factor analysis combined with correlation coefficient analysis and the Nemerow composite index method. Two machine learning algorithms-Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest (RF)-were employed to quantify the relative contribution of individual soil chemical indicators to sugarcane yield.【Result】 (1) Long-term continuous cropping significantly reduced sugarcane yield (P<0.05), with a 13.68% decline observed in the T4 treatment（>35 years）compared with the CK, and induced deterioration in soil chemical properties. (2) Soil acidification was intensified under continuous cropping, exhibiting significant layer-specific characteristics. Compared with the control (CK), the mean soil pH decreased to 4.60 after more than 20 years of continuous cropping. The subsurface layer (20-40 cm) exhibited the most severe acidification, with pH values significantly lower than the CK in the T3 and T4 treatment groups. (3) Soil nutrients exhibited obvious surface enrichment and accumulation of certain elements. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface layer (0-20 cm) were significantly higher than in deeper layers. Prolonged continuous cropping led to significant accumulation of available potassium and available zinc, increasing by 320.47% and 164.13%, respectively, in the surface layer. (4) The soil integrated fertility index (IFI) decreased significantly with soil depth. Although long-term continuous cropping improved average fertility in the surface layer, it exacerbated the variability and spatial heterogeneity of fertility in deeper soil layers. (5) Both XGBoost and RF analyses consistently identified soil pH in the 20-40 cm layer as the primary limiting factor determining sugarcane yield, with a relative importance contribution substantially greater than that of surface available nutrients and other soil indicators.【Conclusion】 Under long-term continuous sugarcane cultivation, soils exhibited a spatiotemporal soil pattern characterized by surface nutrient enrichment and severe subsurface acidification. Acidification in the 20-40 cm soil layer constitutes the core obstacle restricting sugarcane productivity. In practical production, management strategies should shift from surface-oriented nutrient application to deep amelioration targeting subsurface acidification.

Key words: sugarcane, nutrient balance, soil acidification, subsurface acidification, yield driving factor, machine learning

DENG Jun, AI Jing, WANG YuTong, DAO JingMei, ZHAO Yong, YE Song, DENG Yan, ZHANG FuSuo. Identification of Yield-Limiting Factors Associated with Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Soil Nutrients in Long-Term Continuous Sugarcane Cultivation Fields[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(16): 3541-3555.

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年份 Year	肥料类型 Fertilizer type	常规施肥次数及施肥量 Fertilization schedule and application rate	施肥总量 Total fertilizer applied (kg·hm^-2)	氮磷钾养分总投入量 Total NPK input (kg·hm^-2)
2016—2022	复合肥（总养分44%，N-P₂O₅-K₂O=26-12-6） Compound fertilizer (total nutrients 44%, N- P₂O₅-K₂O = 26-12-6)	一次性施肥：肥料全部用于基肥施用 Single application: all applied as basal fertilizer	1 200	528
2004—2015	复合肥（总养分25%，N-P₂O₅-K₂O=10- 10-5）+尿素（含N 46%） Compound fertilizer (total nutrients 25%, N-P₂O₅-K₂O = 10-10-5) + urea (46% N)	二次施肥：基肥施1 200 kg·hm^-2复合肥，追肥施600 kg·hm^-2尿素 Two applications: basal application of 1 200 kg·hm^-2compound fertilizer; topdressing with 600 kg·hm^-2urea	1 800	576
1980—2003	尿素（含N 46%）+过磷酸钙或钙镁磷肥（含P₂O₅ 12%）+氯化钾（含K₂O 60%） Urea (46% N) + single superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate (12% P₂O₅) + potassium chloride (60% K₂O)	三次施肥：基肥施300 kg·hm^-2尿素+750 kg·hm^-2过磷酸钙或钙镁磷肥+300 kg·hm^-2氯化钾，第一次追肥施600 kg·hm^-2尿素，第二次追肥施300 kg·hm^-2尿素 Three applications: basal application of 300 kg·hm^-2urea +750 kg·hm^-2single superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate+300 kg·hm^-2potassium chloride; first topdressing: 600 kg·hm^-2urea; second topdressing: 300 kg·hm^-2urea	2 250	822

分级 Grade	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (g·kg^-1)	全钾含量 Total potassium content (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮含量 Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)	pH
分级 Grade	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (g·kg^-1)	全钾含量 Total potassium content (g·kg^-1)				>7	<7
X_a	10	0.75	0.4	5	60	3	40	8.5	4.5
X_c	20	1.50	0.6	20	120	10	100	8.0	5.5
X_p	30	2.00	1.0	25	180	20	150	7.5	6.5

Identification of Yield-Limiting Factors Associated with Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Soil Nutrients in Long-Term Continuous Sugarcane Cultivation Fields

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