Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (13): 2853-2866.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.13.008

• PLANT PROTECTION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Biocontrol Mechanism of Bacillus-Derived Lipopeptides Through Targeted Reduction of Pathogenicity in Ralstonia solanacearum

LIU YuFan1,3(), CHEN Zheng2(), CHEN DeJu1, LIU Xin1, XIAO RongFeng1, WANG JiePing1, WANG Xun3, LIU Bo1, HE Jin3(), CHEN MeiChun1()   

  1. 1 Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003
    2 Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003
    3 National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000
  • Received:2026-02-25 Accepted:2026-05-01 Online:2026-07-01 Published:2026-07-01
  • Contact: HE Jin, CHEN MeiChun

Abstract:

【Objective】Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a highly destructive soil-borne disease. Lipopeptides produced by Bacillus species are promising biocontrol agents. However, whether lipopeptides can exert biocontrol effects by attenuating the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which lipopeptides target and reduce the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum, and to provide a theoretical basis for developing novel biocontrol agents based on pathogenicity regulation.【Method】The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lipopeptides was determined using the broth dilution method. The control efficacy of lipopeptides against bacterial wilt was evaluated through pot experiments. Defense-related enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD), as well as the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tomato plants were determined using commercial assay kits. Combined with scanning electron microscopy, semi-solid plate motility test, and transcriptome sequencing, the effects of lipopeptides on the morphology, motility, and gene expression of R. solanacearum were systematically analyzed.【Result】The MIC of lipopeptides from Bacillus sp. FJAT-2349 was 0.1875 mg·mL-1. At a sub-inhibitory concentration (0.075 mg·mL-1), the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt decreased by 29.2% compared to the R. solanacearum control group. No significant changes were observed in the activities of SOD, CAT, PPO, POD, or the contents of MDA and H2O2 in tomato leaves, indicating that this concentration of lipopeptides failed to induce systemic resistance in tomato plants. SEM analysis showed that lipopeptide-treated R. solanacearum cells exhibited an elongated rod-shaped morphology with a length approximately three times that of normal cells, suggesting impaired cell division. Motility assays showed that bacterial movement was reduced by approximately 36%. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant down-regulation of genes associated with cell division (ZapE), type III secretion system (T3SS) regulation (hrpB1, hrpB2), flagellar transcriptional regulator (flhC) and genes encoding virulence effector proteins. The gene expressions of cell division-related enzyme (ftsK), flagellin (fliC), histidine utilization-related enzyme (hipO), and RNA polymerase β' subunit (rpoC) were up-regulated. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to metabolism (energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites), genetic information processing (translation and RNA processing and metabolism), and environmental information processing (ABC protein transport), suggesting that lipopeptide treatment interferes with energy metabolism and substance transport, disrupts protein synthesis and turnover, reprograms the metabolic activity of R. solanacearum, and thereby inhibits its growth and reproduction.【Conclusion】Bacillus sp. FJAT-2349 lipopeptides at sub-inhibitory concentration exert their biocontrol effect primarily through a dual-core mechanism: blocking cell division progression and suppressing T3SS virulence, which synergistically interfere with pathogen energy metabolism and substance transport, disrupt protein synthesis and turnover, and reduce pathogen motility, thereby attenuating the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum.

Key words: Bacillus, lipopeptide, Ralstonia solanacearum, pathogenicity, biocontrol

Table 1

qPCR primers for key differentially expressed genes"

引物名称Primer name 引物序列Primer sequence
flhC-F ACATCTACCGTTTCCTGGGC
flhC-R GTGCAACATCTTCCCCTCGA
fliC-F CTGTGGAATCCAACAACGGC
fliC-R GCTGCGTTCTGGCCATATTG
hipO-F GCCAATATCGACCCGACCAT
hipO-R AAGTCGTAGCTGGGGTTGTG
rpoC-F TCGATCATCGAAACGCCGAT
rpoC-R AATCGTCTTCCACCACCACC
recA-F TTCTCGACCACCTTCGGCTTC
recA-R GCTCGATCAAGAAGGGCGAT
hrpB1-F CGAAGTGCTGATGTATGCCA
hrpB1-R GGTCGAGCTCCTTGAAGTTC
hrpB2-F CATGGAGGAGATCCTGGTCG
hrpB2-R TCATTGGTTCTTCATCAAGGTCTG

Fig. 1

Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of lipopeptide from Bacillus FJAT-2349 Data are means±SD. The same as below"

Fig. 2

Pot experiment for evaluating the effect of lipopeptide on the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum"

Fig. 3

Changes in enzyme activities, as well as MDA and H2O2 contents, in tomato leaves induced by R. solanacearum co-incubated with lipopeptide"

Fig. 4

Changes of the enzyme activities, as well as MDA and H2O2 contents in tomato leaves induced by lipopeptide"

Fig. 5

Morphological changes of R. solanacearum after lipopeptide treatment observed by scanning electron microscopy"

Fig. 6

Effect of lipopeptide on the motility of R. solanacearum"

Fig. 7

Relative expression levels of the differential genes measured by RT-qPCR **, *** and **** indicate significant differences at 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 probability level, respectively. The same as below"

Fig. 8

GO annotation of differentially expressed genes"

Fig. 9

KEGG enrichment analysis The horizontal axis represents the rich factor; a larger rich factor indicates a more significant enrichment level of differentially expressed genes. The color of the circles represents the P value; a smaller P value indicates greater significance of enrichment of differentially expressed genes in that pathway. The size of the circles represents the number of genes enriched in the pathway, a larger circle indicates more genes"

Fig. 10

FPKM levels of differentially expressed genes"

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