西北地区玉米生产投入及生态环境风险评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Make clear the input and ecological environment risk of maize production in Northwest China. 【Method】Based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the inputs (fertilizer, pesticide, diesel, mulch, seed, and labor) and ecological environment risks (greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidification, water eutrophication and human toxicity) of maize production in six provinces (Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Gansu) of Northwest China during the past 15 years (2004-2018) were evaluated, and the inputs, ecological environmental risks and spatiotemporal variations of maize production per unit area (per hectare) in those resources were quantitatively evaluated. 【Result】 Inputs and ecological environment risks of maize production were high in Northwest China. The average fertilizer input in past 15 years was 233.1 kg N·hm^-2, 106.3 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 23.3 kg K₂O·hm^-2, while the pesticide, diesel, mulch, seed and labor inputs were 6.5 kg·hm^-2, 93.2 L·hm^-2, 13.7 kg·hm^-2, 38.8 kg·hm^-2 and 120.1 h·hm^-2, respectively. The average maize yield was 7.9 t·hm^-2. The averaged greenhouse gas emissions was 4 188 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2, the soil acidification potential was 155.3 kg SO₂-eq·hm^-2, the water eutrophication 52.6 kg PO₄-eq·hm^-2, and the human toxicity was 2.9 kg 1, 4-DCB-eq·hm^-2. Compared with the data in 2004, the overall input for maize production of Northwest China in 2018 was increased, showing an overall increased trend. The rates of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer per unit area increased by 9.2%, 52.7% and 203.7%, respectively; the rate of pesticide, diesel oil and mulch per unit area increased by 303%, 143% and 108%, respectively. The rates of seed and labor per unit area decreased by 38.6% and 50.8%, respectively, while the planting area and maize yield increased by 79% and 26.9%, respectively. On the whole, the multiple ecological environment risks showed a first increased and then decreased trend, in which the greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidification potential, water eutrophication potential and human toxicity per unit area increased by 13.6%, 15.8%, 2.6% and 302.5%, respectively. Among the 15 years of maize production in Northwest China, the highest nitrogen fertilizer input and greenhouse gas emissions per unit area were observed in 2016, and the lowest were observed in 2007. The inputs and ecological environment risks of maize production in different provinces of Northwest China were significantly different. In terms of unit area, the rate of nitrogen fertilizer, mulch and labor input was the highest in Gansu, and the lowest in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, respectively. The rate of phosphorus fertilizer and diesel was the highest in Xinjiang, and the lowest was Shaanxi. The rate of potassium fertilizer was the highest in Shanxi and the lowest in Xinjiang. The rate of pesticides and seeds was the highest in Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the lowest in Shanxi. The planting area and maize grain yield were the highest in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and the lowest in Ningxia and Shaanxi, respectively. Simultaneously, the greenhouse gas emission and soil acidification potential were the highest in Gansu, the water eutrophication potential was the highest in Shaanxi, and the human toxicity was the highest in Ningxia and the lowest in Shanxi. The comprehensive value of inputs and ecological environment risks for maize production in Northwest China was the highest in Ningxia. Shanxi achieved the lowest comprehensive value of ecological environment risks for maize production in Northwest China. 【Conclusion】The maize production in Northwest China was characterized by “high input, high yield and high risk”, while the inputs and ecological environment risk were quite different in different spatiotemporal scale. From 2004 to 2018, the planting area, grain yield, and inputs were totally increased slightly, while the ecological environment risk showed a first increased and then decreased trend. The maize production could be considered to incline to high-yield and low-environmental risk areas, and achieve high yields and low ecological environment risks in the future.

Key words: Northwest China, life cycle assessment, maize, input, ecological environment risk

QIAO Yuan,YANG Huan,LUO JinLin,WANG SiXian,LIANG LanYue,CHEN XinPing,ZHANG WuShuai. Inputs and Ecological Environment Risks Assessment of Maize Production in Northwest China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(5): 962-976.

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投入 Input	单位 Unit	温室气体排放量 Greenhouse gas emission rate (kg CO₂-eq)	酸化潜值 Soil acidification potential value (kg SO₂-eq)	水体富营养化潜值 Water eutrophication potential value (kg PO₄-eq)	参考文献 Reference
氮肥生产和运输 Nitrogen fertilizer production and transportation	kg N	8.3	2.52E-02	3.03E-03	[26-28]
磷肥生产和运输 Phosphate fertilizer production and transportation	kg P₂O₅	0.79	6.00E-04	7.67E-05	[26-28]
钾肥生产和运输 Potash production and transportation	kg K₂O	0.55	4.80E-04	6.13E-05	[26-28]
农药生产和运输 Pesticide production and transportation	kg	19.1	1.05E-02	1.94E-03	[27-29]
地膜生产和运输 Mulch production and transportation	kg	2.8			[30]
柴油 Diesel	L	3.75	6.58E-02	1.19E-02	[27-28,31-32]

年份 Year	N input (kg·hm^-2)	P₂O₅input (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O input (kg·hm^-2)	农药 Pesticide (kg·hm^-2)	柴油 Diesel (L·hm^-2)	地膜用量 Mulch (kg·hm^-2)	种子 Seed (kg·hm^-2)	人工 Labor (h·hm^-2)
2004	222	90.5	13.6	2.35	54.0	9.47	50.3	167
2005	222	78.3	12.9	2.78	57.6	8.45	43.5	154
2006	228	86.7	15.4	2.61	69.5	9.71	43.3	142
2007	215	90.1	18.9	3.59	72.3	9.64	43.8	138
2008	224	85.2	16.7	3.87	55.1	9.36	42.3	135
2009	230	91.4	15.8	4.25	72.1	11.2	42.2	129
2010	242	103	16.7	5.70	68.1	13.7	39.4	126
2011	236	105	20.4	9.92	78.9	6.19	38.9	123
2012	232	108	24.7	7.79	83.3	16.1	37.5	117
2013	231	118	25.0	8.73	97.0	18.8	36.7	108
2014	239	123	28.7	8.78	108	18.7	35.5	103
2015	234	122	33.7	9.37	148	18.6	32.9	98.3
2016	250	126	31.0	8.71	164	18.2	32.2	92.9
2017	247	130	35.0	10.2	137	17.6	32.6	85.5
2018	243	138	41.3	9.44	131	19.7	30.9	82.2
平均 Mean	233	106	23.3	6.54	93.2	13.7	38.8	120

省份 Province	N N input (kg·hm^-2)	P₂O₅ P₂O₅input (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O K₂O input (kg·hm^-2)	农药 Pesticide (kg·hm^-2)	柴油 Diesel (L·hm^-2)	地膜用量 Mulch (kg·hm^-2)	种子 Seed (kg·hm^-2)	人工 Labor (h·hm^-2)	单产 Yield (t·hm^-2)
新疆 Xinjiang	276	150	2.77	7.13	119	24.4	50.0	81.4	10.0
陕西 Shaanxi	267	72.8	11.3	6.75	73.5	0.24	41.3	148	6.33
山西 Shanxi	185	100	51.2	5.26	89.4	5.33	30.3	125	8.25
宁夏 Ningxia	282	130	17.8	12.2	90.4	2.69	37.1	129	8.21
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	217	108	25.2	7.82	105	10.8	36.1	71.5	7.59
甘肃 Gansu	291	142	15.5	6.40	115	59.4	41.3	229	9.01

Inputs and Ecological Environment Risks Assessment of Maize Production in Northwest China

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