土壤耕作技术对小麦出苗质量、根系功能及粒重的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.12.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In view of the prominent problem that corn straw to the field seriously affects the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings under the condition of double cropping per year of Huang-Huai Plain, appropriate soil tillage techniques were explored to improve quality of wheat seedlings and ultimately to increase wheat yield. 【Method】The experiment was carried out at Huanggang village, Xindian town, Xinzheng city, Henan province for 2 consecutive years (from 2016 to 2018). By using a randomized block design, 8 treatments were carried out by combining three factors of plowing, harrow and compacting: deep depth tillage + rotary tillage (DT + RT; DT: 30 cm, RT: 15 cm), deep tillage + harrow (DT + H), deep depth tillage + rotary tillage + compacting (DT + RT + C), rotary tillage (RT), rotary tillage + harrow (RT + H), rotary tillage + compacting (RT + C), and rotary tillage + harrow +compacting (RT + H + C). Emergence rate and seedling quality of wheat were investigated, root characteristics were investigated during wintering stage, re-growing stage, jointing stage, heading stage, grain filling stage, dough stage, and grain characters, yield and its components were analyzed during the filling period, respectively. 【Result】20 days sowing, quality of seedlings in different soil tillage treatments was significantly different. In rotary tillage treatments, emergence uniformity was higher than that in deep tillage treatments, while in deep tillage method, seedling emergence rate, basic seedlings and plant height were higher than those in rotary tillage method. Under the same plowing and compacting, emergence rate in harrow treatment emergence was 1.0%-5.7%; Under the same plowing and harrow, emergence rate in compacting treatment emergence was 0.06%-8.3%. At the same time, after deep depth tillage, seedling deficiency and wedging were rarely seen. Cumulative length of seedling deficiency and wedging under RT treatment was the highest, and the average length of the two years was 55 cm. From the wintering to dough stage, root activity in different soil tillage treatments showed a "high-low-high-low" trend, and it was the highest in treatment “DT + H + C”. In wintering and at jointing stage, root activity was increased after treated with compacting and harrow compared with that in treatments with neither compacting nor harrow. Secondary roots per plant reached the maximum in DT + H + C treatment at heading stage with the highest values were 45.2 and 40.2 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. After treated with harrow, secondary roots per plant were increased by 14.8% compared with those in treatments without harrow. After compacted treatment, secondary roots per plant were increased by 12.2% compared with those in treatments without compacting. Grain filling rate in DT + H + C treatment was significantly higher than that under other treatments during 5-10 days after anthesis, and reached its peak at 20 days after anthesis. Grain filling rate of DT + H + C treatment was higher than that under other treatments, while grain filling rate in DT + H + C treatment was higher than that under other treatments, and grain filling rate under DT + H + C treatment was 19.4% higher than that under other treatments (α=0.05). During grain filling stage, 1000-grain weight increased the most at 0-15 days after anthesis; Under DT + H + C treatments, it was increased the most; Under DT + RT treatments, it was increased the least; under DT + H + C treatments, it increased the most at 25-30 days after anthesis, which was 20.8% higher than that when treated by RT. According to the effects of different tillage techniques on grain yield and its components, the highest grain yield was obtained under DT + H + C treatment. Ears per unit area, kernels per ear and 1000-grain weight were not regular under harrow milling and repressing treatment, and grain yield increased obviously, with a range of 1.4%—12.2%. Economic benefits, in RT + H, RT + H + C, RT + C, DT + H + C, or DT + H treatment were all higher than those in RT treatment compared with the previous farming methods in the local area. Among them, the highest economic benefits was produced under DT + H + C treatment, and the two-year average was 12.3% higher than that under RT treatment【Conclusion】Under the current condition of two cropping systems in the Huang-Huai plain, different soil tillage techniques affected seedling quality, rotation tillage was beneficial to uniformity of seedling emergence, while deep tillage was beneficial to increasing seedling emergence rate, seedling evenness and plant height, laying a foundation for the formation of strong seedlings before wintering. The deep tillage deepened soil surface layer, which was beneficial to rooting, increased secondary roots and root activity in soil surface layer, and indirectly affected grain yield. Considering root system growth, grain filling rate, grain weight formation and yield performance, it was concluded that DT + H + C soil tillage technique was the best choice in Huang-Huai area.

Key words: wheat, soil tillage techniques, seedling quality, secondary roots per plant, root vigor, grain filling rate, grain yield

SHEN GuanYu, YANG XiWen, ZHOU SuMei, MEI JingJing, CHEN Xu, PENG HongYang, JIANG Xiang, HE DeXian. Impacts of Soil Tillage Techniques on Seedling Quality, Root Function and Grain Weight in Wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(12): 2042-2055.

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处理 Treatment	2016-2017				2017-2018
处理 Treatment	缺苗处 Seedling missing	断垄处 Dis- continuous row	累计长度 Total length of missing seedlings and discontinuous row (cm)	出苗率Emergence rate (%)	缺苗处 Seedling missing	断垄处 Dis- continuous row	累计长度 Total length of missing seedlings and discontinuous row (cm)	出苗率Emergence rate (%)
RT+H	1	0	15	77.7	0	1	31	87.2
RT+H+C	0	0	0	78.7	1	0	35	94.0
RT+C	1	0	16	77.7	0	1	26	85.7
RT	2	2	78	77.0	0	1	32	86.3
DT+RT	0	0	0	79.1	0	2	25	90.7
DT+RT+C	1	0	14	78.2	1	1	42	89.9
DT+H+C	0	0	0	87.8	0	0	0	95.5
DT+H	2	1	53	81.2	1	2	65	88.1

处理 Treatment	2016-2017			2017-2018
处理 Treatment	基本苗数 Number of seedling (×10⁴·hm^-2)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 CV (%)	基本苗数 Number of seedling (×10⁴·hm^-2)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 CV (%)
RT+H	307.52ab	4.93	4.46	438.91b	0.82	0.52
RT+H+C	311.13ab	7.21	6.44	472.25a	7.04	4.13
RT+C	307.52ab	11.15	10.08	430.58b	1.25	0.8
RT	304.74b	4.51	4.11	433.36b	5.31	3.4
DT+RT	321.41ab	8.14	7.04	455.58ab	4.03	2.45
DT+RT+C	309.18ab	5.51	4.95	452.80ab	3.74	2.3
DT+H+C	347.24a	9.54	7.63	480.58a	2.16	1.25
DT+H	313.07ab	8.02	7.12	444.47b	6.85	4.29

处理 Treatment	2016-2017			2017-2018
处理 Treatment	株高 Seedling height (cm)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 CV (%)	株高 Plant height (cm)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 CV (%)
RT+H	11.46b	0.50	4.33	10.18bcd	0.55	5.43
RT+H+C	10.64c	0.52	4.89	10.58b	0.44	4.12
RT+C	10.66c	0.45	4.18	11.52a	0.61	5.31
RT	11.50b	0.37	3.25	9.44d	0.52	5.51
DT+RT	11.56b	0.34	2.98	9.96bcd	0.55	5.48
DT+RT+C	11.88b	0.50	4.24	11.44a	0.26	2.25
DT+H+C	12.12b	0.44	3.67	9.74cd	0.30	3.09
DT+H	12.84a	0.36	2.81	10.26bc	0.50	4.84

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spikes per unit soil area (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2016-2017	RT+H	543.79a	45.33abc	37.97b	7932.50bc
	RT+H+C	533.42ab	42.00c	42.80a	8003.00ab
	RT+C	580.85a	42.33bc	39.37ab	7634.50d
	RT	468.75c	46.00ab	34.87b	7295.00e
	DT+RT	492.84bc	45.33abc	36.93b	7230.00e
	DT+RT+C	549.35a	48.33a	35.00b	7719.50cd
	DT+H+C	544.36a	47.33a	36.83b	8192.00a
	DT+H	546.57a	46.67a	36.87b	7662.50d
2017-2018	RT+H	605.77ab	40.53b	36.46b	6156.25bc
	RT+H+C	652.62ab	42.87b	38.34b	6257.20b
	RT+C	636.41ab	41.07b	34.60c	6013.10cd
	RT	594.66b	40.33b	33.02c	5487.15e
	DT+RT	600.03ab	39.13b	32.81c	5960.10d
	DT+RT+C	627.62ab	42.00b	37.97b	6052.35cd
	DT+H+C	678.37a	47.60a	44.23a	6501.10a
	DT+H	606.51ab	41.27b	36.84b	6042.15cd

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	机械生产成本 Machinery cost	产值 Output value	经济效益 Economic benefits
2016-2017	RT+H	975	18721bc	17746bc
	RT+H+C	1125	18887ab	17762ab
	RT+C	960	18017d	17057d
	RT	675	17216e	16541e
	DT+RT	1425	17063e	15638e
	DT+RT+C	1650	18218cd	16568cd
	DT+H+C	1155	19333a	18178a
	DT+H	975	18084d	17109d
2017-2018	RT+H	975	14529bc	13554bc
	RT+H+C	1125	14767b	13642b
	RT+C	960	14191cd	13231cd
	RT	675	12950e	12275e
	DT+RT	1425	14066d	12641d
	DT+RT+C	1650	14284cd	12634cd
	DT+H+C	1155	15343a	14188a
	DT+H	975	14259cd	13284cd

Impacts of Soil Tillage Techniques on Seedling Quality, Root Function and Grain Weight in Wheat

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