增密对不同株高玉米品种产量和农艺性状动态变化的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.05.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the effects of increasing planting density on the dynamic change of agronomic traits, yield and its components among maize cultivars with different plant heights, and to clarify the stable yield mechanism of dwarf maize cultivar under high density for providing a theoretical basis for exploring the high-yield potential of maize and breeding dwarf maize cultivars with high-yield under high planting density.【Method】 A two-factor experiment was conducted during the 2023 and 2024 maize growing seasons. Three maize cultivars with different plant height were used as test materials: tall-stalk variety Xianyu 335 (XY335), medium-stalk variety Zhengdan 958 (ZD958), and dwarf-stalk variety MY73. Nine planting densities were set: 60 000 (D1), 67 500 (D2), 75 000 (D3), 82 500 (D4), 90 000 (D5), 97 500 (D6), 105 000 (D7), 112 500 (D8), and 120 000 plants/hm². The effects of planting density on agronomic traits related to plants, leaves, ears, kernels, and yield of maize cultivars with different plant height were investigated. Analysis of variance was used to statistically evaluate the significance of differences in each index among different cultivars at the same density and among different densities for the same cultivar. The dynamic changes in leaf area index (LAI) were analyzed using the BiHil model.【Result】 The density ranges for achieving high yields of XY335, ZD958 and MY73 across the two-year experiment were 60 000-67 500, 67 500-82 500, and 82 500-97 500 plants/hm², respectively. The average of the highest yields of MY73 over two years was 11.1% and 6.8% significantly higher than that of ZD958 and XY335, respectively. There were no significant differences in lodging rate among the three cultivars under the low-density of D1 and D2. Starting from the D3 density, the lodging rate of the dwarf-stalk variety MY73 was significantly lower than that of the tall-stature variety XY335 and the medium-stature variety ZD958 with increasing planting density, and the lodging rates of ZD958 and XY335 increased significantly, with their two-year average lodging rates ranging from 10.4% to 66.6% and from 11.6% to 82.8%, respectively. In contrast, MY73 exhibited no lodging in 2023, and only lodged at the D9 density in 2024 with a lodging rate of 1.1%. Affected by lodging and other factors, the number of effective ears per unit area of dwarf-stalk cultivar MY73 gradually increased with increasing density, while those of tall-stalk XY335 and medium-stalk ZD958 increased firstly and then decreased. Under high planting density, the number of effective ears per unit area of MY73 was significantly higher than that of XY335 and ZD958. With density increasing, the plant height and LAI of all cultivars gradually increased. MY73 had the smallest increase in plant height and the largest increase in LAI, and its plant height was significantly lower than that of XY335 and ZD958 under all densities. The kernel setting rate, harvest index, shelling percentage, and grain bulk density of MY73 were significantly higher than those of XY335 and ZD958 under all densities, with the harvest index of MY73 remaining stable around 0.6 under all densities. After increasing density, the kernel setting rate, kernel weight per ear, and harvest index of all cultivars gradually decreased, and MY73 showed the smallest decrease relative to the other two cultivars. Compared with density D1, the average decreases in kernel setting rate, kernel weight per ear, and harvest index of MY73 across all densities over two years were 44.0% and 30.5%, 39.5% and 29.4%, and 96.3% and 94.6% smaller than those of XY335 and ZD958, respectively.【Conclusion】 The coefficient of variation of the yield and its components, and plant agronomic traits of MY73 was smaller with increasing planting density, and the magnitude of reduction of green leaf area per plant for MY73 was also smaller with growth period progress. MY73 exhibited lower lodging rate, and higher number of effective ears per unit area, kernel-setting rate, grain bulk density, shelling percentage, harvest index, and grain yield, when the density exceeded 97 500 plants/hm². These characteristics constitute the key mechanism for the high and stable yield of the dwarf-stalk cultivar MY73 under high planting density in this study.

Key words: maize, density increase, dwarf stalk, lodging rate, grain bulk density, shelling percentage

LI SiYuan, LI HongPing, CHANG HongQing, ZHANG SenYan, LI SiJia, CUI XinFei, QIAO Po, ZENG Bo, LIU GuiZhen, LIU TianXue, TANG JiHua, LI ChaoHai. Effects of Density Increase on Dynamic Change of Yield and Agronomic Traits of Maize Cultivars with Different Plant Heights[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(5): 967-984.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 2

Variation of grain traits of maize cultivars with different plant heights under different planting density treatments"

年份 Year			2023				2024
品种 Cultivar	密度 Density	百粒重 Hundred-grain weight (g)	百粒体积 Hundred-grain volume (mL)	籽粒容重 Grain bulk density (g·L^-1)	出籽率 Shelling percentage (%)	百粒重 Hundred-grain weight (g)	百粒体积 Hundred-grain volume (mL)	籽粒容重 Grain bulk density (g·L^-1)	出籽率 Shelling percentage (%)
XY335	D1	39.1±0.6aA	31.6±0.4aA	790.1±1.5gB	89.3±0.0aC	39.4±0.4aA	32.6±0.6aA	749.0±1.3hC	86.8±0.2aC
	D2	36.9±0.5bA	30.0±0.4bA	794.7±1.7fB	89.3±0.1aC	39.0±0.3bA	31.6±0.3bA	753.6±1.7gC	85.8±0.2bC
	D3	36.6±0.3bcA	29.7±0.4bA	795.4±1.2fB	89.0±0.1bC	38.7±0.2bA	31.5±0.3bA	757.3±0.9fC	85.5±0.1bC
	D4	36.4±0.1cdA	28.9±0.3cA	798.0±1.5eB	88.6±0.2cC	38.0±0.3cA	31.1±0.2cA	761.0±1.5eC	85.3±0.0bcC
	D5	36.1±0.4dA	28.9±0.3cA	799.1±1.3deB	88.4±0.0cdC	37.5±0.4dA	30.5±0.4dA	765.3±1.5dC	85.0±0.1bcC
	D6	35.7±0.5eA	27.9±0.5dA	799.7±0.7dB	88.2±0.1dC	37.0±0.4eA	30.4±0.4dA	769.1±1.3cC	84.4±0.3cdC
	D7	35.3±0.5fA	27.7±0.4deA	801.7±0.7cB	87.9±0.1eC	36.9±0.2eA	30.2±0.4dA	774.9±2.5bC	83.8±0.3dC
	D8	35.1±0.4fA	27.4±0.5eA	803.1±0.7bB	87.3±0.2fC	36.3±0.3fA	29.7±0.4eA	777.6±2.3aC	81.9±1.0eC
	D9	34.9±0.4fA	26.7±0.7fA	805.2±1.1aB	86.7±0.3gC	34.6±0.5gA	29.0±0.6fA	739.6±6.0iB	78.0±1.0fC
ZD958	D1	35.5±0.3aB	28.6±0.3aB	781.1±1.9gC	90.5±0.0aB	33.6±0.2aB	27.3±0.25aB	761.6±1.3fB	90.2±0.0aB
	D2	34.3±0.2bB	27.9±0.2bB	782.7±1.3fC	90.3±0.1abB	33.4±0.1abB	26.9±0.2bB	770.4±1.9eB	89.8±0.2bB
	D3	34.1±0.3bcB	27.8±0.3bcB	783.9±0.9fC	90.2±0.0bB	33.1±0.1bcB	26.7±0.4bcB	771.7±1.3deB	89.5±0.1cB
	D4	33.8±0.2cdB	27.5±0.4cB	786.3±1.6eC	89.7±0.2cB	32.8±0.3cdB	26.6±0.4bcB	773.1±2.7dB	89.5±0.0cB
	D5	33.5±0.4deB	26.8±0.4dB	789.2±2.2dC	89.5±0.1dB	32.7±0.2cdB	26.3±0.4cdB	775.6±1.3cB	89.3±0.0dB
	D6	33.3±0.4efB	26.5±0.4dB	793.0±0.7cC	89.1±0.2eB	32.5±0.3dB	26.2±0.3cdB	778.0±1.5bB	89.2±0.1deB
	D7	33.3±0.2efB	26.5±0.4dB	794.7±1.1bC	89.0±0.1eB	32.1±0.3eB	26.5±0.3bcB	780.0±3.0aB	89.0±0.1eB
	D8	33.0±0.6fgB	25.8±0.4eB	801.7±1.9aC	88.5±0.2fB	31.0±0.5fB	25.7±0.3eB	780.8±2.0aB	88.1±0.1fB
	D9	32.9±0.4gB	25.4±0.4fB	801.6±1.7aC	88.2±0.1gB	23.7±1.2gC	19.7±0.9fC	723.3±2.7gC	87.7±0.2gB
MY73	D1	30.4±0.3aC	23.9±0.2aC	806.7±2.4hA	92.8±0.2aA	30.8±0.2aC	24.1±0.2aC	802.6±1.3gA	91.5±0.0aA
	D2	29.9±0.2bC	23.5±0.4bC	809.6±1.0gA	92.6±0.0bA	30.0±0.3bC	23.7±0.4bC	805.2±0.7fA	91.5±0.0aA
	D3	29.7±0.3cC	23.0±0.4cC	812.3±1.9fA	92.5±0.1bA	29.6±0.2cC	23.2±0.25cC	805.7±1.0fA	91.4±0.0bA
	D4	29.4±0.1dC	22.7±0.4dC	814.1±1.4eA	92.2±0.0cA	29.5±0.2cC	22.9±0.2cdC	807.7±0.9eA	91.2±0.1cA
	D5	29.4±0.2dC	22.6±0.3dC	820.3±1.0dA	92.0±0.1cA	29.2±0.2dC	22.8±0.25dC	808.2±0.7eA	91.0±0.1dA
	D6	29.2±0.2deC	21.9±0.3eC	822.0±1.1cA	91.5±0.3dA	28.5±0.3eC	22.5±0.4eC	809.4±0.5dA	90.8±0.1eA
	D7	29.1±0.2eC	21.9±0.3eC	823.0±1.9cA	91.1±0.1eA	28.5±0.4eC	22.4±0.2eC	810.8±0.7cA	90.6±0.0fA
	D8	28.4±0.3fC	21.5±0.4fC	826.8±1.5bA	90.8±0.0fA	28.0±0.4fC	21.9±0.3fC	811.9±1.2bA	90.4±0.0gA
	D9	28.3±0.2fC	21.5±0.4fC	832.8±2.4aA	90.1±0.0gA	27.7±0.3gB	21.8±0.4fB	814.6±1.6aA	90.1±0.1hA
变异来源 Variant source	品种 C	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	密度 D	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	C×D	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**

Table 2

Table 3

Variation of grain fertility and harvest index of maize cultivars with different plant heights under different planting density treatments"

年份 Year		2023					2024
品种 Cultivar	密度 Density	有效穗数 Effective ears per unit area (ears/hm²)	结实率 Grain set rate (%)	地上部干物质 Aboveground dry matter (g/plant)	单穗粒重 Kernel weight (g/ear)	收获指数 Harvest index	有效穗数 Ear number (ears/hm²)	结实率 Grain set rate (%)	地上部干物质 Aboveground dry matter (g/plant)	单穗粒重 Kernel weight (g/ear)	收获指数 Harvest index
XY335	D1	60000±0dA	95.7±2.7aB	379.3±5.8aA	208.4±3.8aA	0.550±0.017aC	56000±1732cB	94.8±2.8aB	384.2±1.7aA	210.5±0.3aA	0.548±0.003aC
	D2	67500±0cA	93.4±2.5aB	366.8±8.4abA	189.3±7.6bA	0.516±0.007bC	61875±3155bB	93.1±2.9aB	361.9±6.3bA	191.8±3.6bA	0.530±0.001bC
	D3	75000±0bA	82.8±2.6bC	361.8±7.8bA	176.1±2.2cA	0.487±0.006cC	70000±5728abB	79.3±2.8bC	344.2±7.1cA	172.4±2.7cA	0.501±0.003cC
	D4	77000±4763abB	78.8±1.6cC	338.5±0.9cA	164.3±4.1dA	0.486±0.013cC	75625±4763aB	78.4±2.9bC	339.0±2.4cA	165.5±2.4dA	0.488±0.004cC
	D5	81000±1800aC	74.9±2.4dB	331.2±3.9cA	156.7±1.9eA	0.473±0.003cdC	75000±6874aB	77.4±3.0bB	321.4±1.5dA	150.5±2.2eA	0.468±0.008dC
	D6	81250±2815aC	66.5±2.3eC	299.7±8.4dA	140.3±2.9fA	0.468±0.008cdC	78000±8444aB	69.6±4.0cC	307.0±2.5eA	144.8±3.2fA	0.472±0.014dC
	D7	73500±3150bcC	64.3±2.1eC	285.4±1.6deA	133.7±3.9fA	0.468±0.015cdC	68250±6500abB	67.1±2.8cB	298.2±0.9fA	138.2±3.0gA	0.464±0.009dC
	D8	67500±4500cB	58.0±2.8fC	272.4±1.3efA	124.1±2.4gA	0.456±0.011dC	71250±4592abC	56.2±4.4dC	261.3±7.0gA	102.1±3.1hB	0.391±0.003eC
	D9	68000±6928cB	52.1±3.7gB	262.2±12.2fA	106.9±4.2hB	0.408±0.008eC	38000±19287dC	48.9±6.6eC	141.8±7.2hA	40.2±2.6iC	0.284±0.017fC
ZD958	D1	60000±0dA	94.8±3.1aB	286.1±6.1aB	164.3±1.9aB	0.574±0.007aB	60000±0dA	93.5±1.3aB	341.7±2.2aB	195.0±2.5aB	0.571±0.005aB
	D2	67500±0cA	92.1±3.3aB	275.2±2.3bB	154.1±2.1bB	0.560±0.012bB	67500±0cA	91.7±1.4aB	327.1±6.3bB	183.4±3.5bB	0.561±0.001bB
	D3	75000±0cA	85.8±2.3bB	264.5±2.6cB	144.9±3.9cB	0.548±0.010bB	75000±0cA	87.1±1.9bB	267.6±1.8cB	148.1±1.7cC	0.553±0.010bB
	D4	82500±0aA	81.4±2.5cB	263.4±2.8cB	140.3±1.8cC	0.533±0.007cB	81125±2382cA	85.4±3.5bB	261.1±3.7deB	139.0±3.8dC	0.532±0.008cB
	D5	87000±5196aB	75.6±2.4dB	259.2±6.3cB	133.8±2.8dC	0.516±0.002dB	87000±3196bA	78.3±2.9cB	250.8±7.9efB	130.9±4.8eC	0.522±0.003dB
	D6	87750±975aB	70.9±2.6eB	260.5±10.4cB	127.6±7.4eC	0.490±0.009eB	94250±2815abA	77.0±3.4cB	253.6±3.1deB	127.2±1.1efB	0.502±0.003eB
	D7	87500±6062aB	67.5±3.3fB	241.4±0.5dB	116.8±0.9fC	0.484±0.003eB	99750±5093aA	67.6±2.8dB	253.3±3.4deB	124.6±3.6fB	0.492±0.007fB
	D8	67500±5625cB	61.9±2.7gB	236.0±4.2dB	113.0±2.4fgC	0.479±0.002efB	103125±6495aB	64.0±3.3eB	243.2±6.3eB	117.7±3.7gA	0.484±0.003fB
	D9	68000±6928cB	54.5±4.2hB	231.5±6.9dB	108.2±4.1gB	0.467±0.007fB	75600±5643cB	59.6±4.2fB	184.9±3.4fA	76.8±1.9hB	0.416±0.003gB
MY73	D1	60000±0iA	99.7±0.9aA	265.6±6.1aC	159.7±3.0aC	0.602±0.003aA	60000±0iA	98.6±1.4aA	275.7±6.5aC	166.2±9.3aC	0.603±0.006aA
	D2	67500±0hA	97.0±3.5aA	257.9±6.3aC	154.9±2.5aB	0.601±0.006abA	67500±0hA	96.9±2.5aA	264.0±7.8abC	157.9±4.3bC	0.598±0.003abA
	D3	75000±0gA	91.8±3.0bA	243.3±9.1bC	146.2±4.7bB	0.601±0.009abA	75000±0gA	93.3±1.5bA	254.3±5.1bC	154.0±3.7bB	0.605±0.005aA
	D4	82500±0fA	86.6±2.6cA	243.8±5.8bC	145.7±3.5bB	0.598±0.004abA	82500±0fA	90.7±3.0bcA	236.1±4.8cC	142.8±2.0cB	0.605±0.004aA
	D5	90000±0eA	84.6±2.4cdA	232.9±2.2bcC	139.6±0.4cB	0.599±0.007abA	90000±0eA	90.8±3.5bcA	225.6±4.7cdC	135.8±3.3cdB	0.602±0.003aA
	D6	97500±0dA	82.2±1.9dA	222.4±2.0cC	133.2±0.4dB	0.599±0.006abA	97500±0dA	87.8±2.8cdA	215.9±4.3dC	128.8±2.8dB	0.597±0.005abA
	D7	105000±0cA	79.1±2.2eA	210.0±2.9dC	125.8±0.9eB	0.599±0.006abA	105000±0cA	85.7±2.3dA	181.7±6.9eC	108.9±4.6eC	0.600±0.008abA
	D8	112500±0bA	72.2±2.6fA	199.2±5.1dC	117.5±2.5fB	0.590±0.003bA	112500±0bA	79.2±5.4eA	169.6±5.6efC	102.0±3.3efB	0.602±0.002abA
	D9	120000±0aA	68.3±5.3gA	199.6±12.5dC	117.9±6.3fA	0.591±0.007abA	118000±3464aA	76.6±5.6eA	166.4±6.6fA	98.6±3.8fA	0.593±0.003bA
变异来源 Variant source	品种 C	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	密度 D	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	C×D	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**

Table 3

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

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试验地点 Experimental site	土壤质地 Soil texture	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline-hydrolytic N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 NH₄OAc-K (mg·kg^-1)
许昌市建安区 Jianan district, Xuchang City	黏壤土 Clay loam	7.94	20.00	1.32	138.39	5.90	167.98
鹤壁市淇滨区 Qibin district, Hebi City	黏壤土 Clay loam	8.12	23.15	1.72	146.54	7.83	137.22

Effects of Density Increase on Dynamic Change of Yield and Agronomic Traits of Maize Cultivars with Different Plant Heights

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