三峡重庆库区施氮水平对塔罗科血橙树体养分、产量品质及土壤理化性质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study investigated effects of different nitrogen application levels on nutrient uptake, fruit yield and quality, soil physical and chemical properties of late ripening citrus Tarocco blood orange in typical citrus orchards to provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yield of late-maturing citrus in the Three Gorges area of Chongqing city. 【Method】 Six different nitrogen treatments (N0 (0), N1 (1 kg/plant), N2 (1.5 kg/plant), N3 (2 kg/plant), N4 (2.5 kg/plant) and N5 (3 kg/plant)) were performed to study its effects on nutrient absorption of branches and leaves and fruit, fruit quality and yield and soil physicochemical properties using 7-year-old Tarocco blood orange grafted on Poncirus trifoliata (L.). 【Result】 Results showed that the increased nitrogen levels except N2 group significantly increased the dry matter amount of leaves and branches in different periods of blood orange with higher level in spring shoots than autumn shoots as well as higher level in leaves than branches. The nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in spring shoots was the lowest under N0 treatment, and the absorption of nitrogen in leaves was significantly increased by the added nitrogen fertilizer with a peak level under N2 treatment while the absorption of phosphorus and potassium with a peak level under N3 treatment. Nitrogen application significantly increased the amount of nitrogen uptake of leaves and branches of autumn shoots with a maximum level under N5 treatment. High nitrogen treatments (N3-N5) significantly increased the amounts of phosphorus and potassium uptake of leaves and branches. Nitrogen first increased then decreased the nitrogen and potassium content of fruit with the maximum level under N2 treatment. The content of nitrogen and potassium in pulp was much higher than that of peel, while the phosphorus content was opposite. The maximum nutrient removal amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was found under N2 treatment with a significant increase, and the amount of nutrient removal was potassium>nitrogen>phosphorus. The pH value and content of organic matter of soil decreased significantly by adding nitrogen fertilizer while the content of available nitrogen and phosphorus of soil increased significantly with the maximum available potassium content under N3 treatment. Nitrogen increased the leaching of nitrate nitrogen in soil within 0-20 cm with the highest level under N2 treatment. Ammonium nitrogen was positively correlated with the nitrogen application rate. There was no significant difference among the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen under all treatments within 20-40 cm soil layer. The content of nitrate nitrogen in 40-60 cm soil layer increased significantly under high nitrogen treatments, while the ammonium nitrogen content did not change. Nitrogen application first enhanced the thickness of pericarp, the longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, average weight and yield, and then decreased with the highest level of the longitudinal and transverse diameter under N3 treatment and the highest weight and yield under N2 treatment. Nitrogen application first increased then decreased the total soluble solid (TSS) content without significant difference. Nitrogen input increased titratable acid (TA) content and but decreased TSS/TA ratio. N2 group had the highest vitamin C and anthocyanin content. Fruit coloration was relatively good between N2 and N3 treatments. Correlation analysis showed that the nitrogen content in leaves was positively corrected with the TA content of fruit and the thickness of pericarp, and negatively correlated with the ratio of TSS/TA, and the content of available N in soil was positively correlated with TA content and pericarp thickness, which was significantly negatively correlated with TSS/TA ratio of fruit.【Conclusion】Considering and analyzing, in the citrus orchard of the Three Gorges area of Chongqing, the recommended pure nitrogen application rate was ranged from 0.63 to 0.86 kg/plant which can guarantee a high level of yield and fruit quality, and is beneficial to the nutrient absorption and utilization of blood orange tree, while the risk of orchards’ soil environmental pollution was relatively low.

Key words: Three Gorges area of Chongqing city, Tarocco blood orange, nitrogen application level, nitrogen reduction, nutrition, fruit yield and quality

YANG JiangBo,ZHANG Ji,LI JunJie,ZHENG YongQiang,LÜ Qiang,XIE RangJin,MA YanYan,DENG Lie,HE ShaoLan,YI ShiLai. Effects of Nitrogen Application Levels on Nutrient, Yield and Quality of Tarocco Blood Orange and Soil Physicochemical Properties in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 893-908.

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枝梢类型 Shoot type	处理 Treatment	叶片Leaves (g/plant)			枝条Twigs (g/plant)
枝梢类型 Shoot type	处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
春梢 Spring shoot	N0	40.39±7.14c	5.42±0.88c	16.90±2.02c	4.26±0.31c	0.97±0.11c	2.00±0.39c
	N1	59.55±6.42b	7.83±0.38b	26.28±3.26b	5.08±0.82c	1.35±0.11b	3.03±0.43b
	N2	81.81±9.93a	9.20±0.77a	25.97±2.64b	6.71±0.63b	1.44±0.07ab	3.50±0.12ab
	N3	70.47±6.00ab	9.67±0.27a	36.20±3.61a	6.62±0.48b	1.55±0.15a	3.29±0.47ab
	N4	72.79±5.75ab	9.61±0.92a	36.08±2.96a	7.12±0.30ab	1.62±0.10a	4.04±0.52a
	N5	78.54±7.56a	9.29±0.83a	37.02±3.73a	7.86±0.55a	1.63±0.10a	3.76±0.41ab
秋梢 Autumn shoot	N0	18.97±1.85c	5.17±0.60c	12.66±0.61c	2.48±0.78c	0.98±0.11c	2.12±0.22b
	N1	19.86±2.24c	3.67±0.30d	8.88±0.68d	2.92±0.19c	0.71±0.08d	1.50±0.14b
	N2	22.61±2.20c	4.68±0.66cd	11.23±1.51cd	3.14±0.74c	0.80±0.12cd	2.07±0.48b
	N3	33.49±3.34b	6.82±0.87b	16.98±1.89b	4.54±0.69b	1.30±0.09b	3.28±0.29a
	N4	34.66±4.24b	7.75±0.56b	19.64±1.51a	4.66±0.79b	1.32±0.18b	3.59±0.51a
	N5	46.88±2.68a	9.17±0.65a	20.14±1.93a	6.22±0.62a	1.60±0.19a	3.91±0.58a

养分 Nutrient	方程 Equation	拐点 Inflection point	R ²	P
N	y =-48.976x ²+65.859x +28.176	0.67	0.89	0.034
P₂O₅	y =-13.444x ²+17.035x +9.4192	0.63	0.88	0.039
K₂O	y =-55.59x ²+74.182x +32.222	0.67	0.88	0.045

处理 Treatment	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g?cm^-3)	有机质 Organic matter (g?kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg?kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg?kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg?kg^-1)
N0	1.42±0.22a	12.00±0.85a	55.91±4.14c	56.50±3.33bc	163.26±8.26d
N1	1.40±0.09a	10.07±0.75b	56.68±2.49c	52.04±5.03c	249.95±9.13c
N2	1.52±0.04a	8.72±1.75bc	60.10±7.45c	68.83±11.74b	261.51±8.57c
N3	1.35±0.09a	9.50±1.00b	71.79±2.20b	72.32±9.91b	348.96±7.45a
N4	1.46±0.13a	6.91±0.71cd	79.24±3.49ab	116.08±12.59a	297.41±10.54b
N5	1.42±0.18a	6.71±0.72d	81.13±6.89a	130.24±3.88a	246.96±7.18c

处理 Treatment	纵径 Vertical diameter (mm)	横径 Transverse diameter (mm)	果形指数 Shape index	果皮厚度 Pericarp thickness (mm)
N0	69.28±1.85c	71.50±2.46b	0.97±0.01a	2.88±0.33c
N1	70.83±0.44bc	71.67±0.88b	0.99±0.03a	3.34±0.20bc
N2	73.22±0.51b	73.50±1.09ab	1.00±0.03a	3.34±0.30bc
N3	77.11±2.50a	76.50±1.42a	1.01±0.02a	3.74±0.30b
N4	74.50±1.27b	74.00±2.00ab	1.01±0.03a	4.52±0.11a
N5	73.89±1.59b	73.22±1.51b	1.01±0.01a	4.69±0.53a

处理 Treatment	可溶性固形物 TSS (%)	可滴定酸 TA (%)	固酸比 TSS/TA
N0	10.83±0.50a	0.71±0.02b	15.21±0.40a
N1	11.07±0.21a	0.77±0.04ab	14.39±0.56a
N2	11.20±0.36a	0.82±0.12a	13.60±0.40ab
N3	11.27±0.25a	0.80±0.02ab	14.03±0.50ab
N4	10.73±0.23a	0.83±0.05a	12.97±0.19b
N5	10.67±0.55a	0.85±0.02a	12.57±0.04b

Effects of Nitrogen Application Levels on Nutrient, Yield and Quality of Tarocco Blood Orange and Soil Physicochemical Properties in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing

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处理 Treatment	L	a	b	a/b
N0	65.08±0.61a	25.45±0.33c	34.97±0.44a	0.73±0.02d
N1	59.66±1.54d	27.81±0.26ab	32.35±0.30cd	0.86±0.02b
N2	61.13±0.44cd	27.38±0.57b	32.91±1.38bc	0.83±0.05bc
N3	61.97±0.90bc	28.83±0.72a	31.26±1.03d	0.93±0.05a
N4	62.02±1.79bc	27.82±0.99ab	32.95±0.60bc	0.84±0.04bc
N5	64.04±1.34ab	27.23±0.70b	34.39±0.95ab	0.79±0.03cd

成分 Parameters	果实养分含量 Nutrient content in fruit			果实养分带走量 Nutrient removal amount of fruit
成分 Parameters	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
春梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in spring leaves	0.082	-0.041	0.329	0.376	0.296	0.366
秋梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in autumn leaves	0.306	-0.184	0.151	0.113	0.021	0.288
碱解氮含量 Available Nitrogen content	0.254	-0.192	-0.167	-0.323	-0.482*	-0.372

成分 Parameters	可溶性固形物 TSS	可滴定酸 TA	固酸比 TSS/TA	维生素C Vc	花色苷 Anthocyanin	果皮厚度 Pericarp thickness	产量 Yield
春梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in spring leaves	-0.257	0.358	-0.278	0.103	0.246	0.568*	0.394
秋梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in autumn leaves	-0.319	0.493*	-0.568*	0.137	0.149	0.520*	0.345
碱解氮含量 Available nitrogen content	-0.353	0.635**	-0.719**	0.264	-0.047	0.917**	-0.206

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