基于ATAC-seq筛选调控肉牛肌肉发育的关键转录因子

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.015

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 As a ruminant animal, cattle has a long muscle growth and development cycle. However, the regulatory mechanism of chromatin accessibility on bovine longissimus dorsi is not clear during the development of longissimus dorsi. This study aimed to explore the differential chromatin accessibility of the longissimus dorsi muscle of Angus cattle and Simmental cattle, screen the key transcription factors affecting bovine muscle growth, and then construct the TF-gene regulatory network, so as to provides the theoretical basis and new molecular target for further study of the epigenetic regulation mechanism of bovine muscle development.【Method】 The longissimus dorsi muscle tissues of 24-month-old Angus cattle (AGS) and Simmental cattle (XM) with the same feeding and management methods were collected, and the amino acid content was detected according to the national standard Determination of amino acids in food (GB 5009.124-2016). SPSS 9.4 software was used to analyze the significant difference of amino acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle between groups by t test. The collected longissimus dorsi muscle tissue was subjected to ATAC-seq sequencing. By identifying the chromatin open area (peak), peak analysis, GO/KEGG functional enrichment analysis, and transcription factor binding site (motif) enrichment analysis were performed. Combined with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from the previous RNA-seq sequencing, a transcription factor-gene (TF-gene) regulatory network was constructed based on the GTRD database and the OmicShare Tools.【Result】 The results showed as follows：(1) The content of lysine (Lys), serine (Ser), arginine (Arg), histidine (His) and glutamic acid (Glu) in longissimus dorsi muscle of AGS group were significantly higher than those of XM group (P < 0.05); the content of proline (Pro) was the opposite (P < 0.05), indicating that the amino acid metabolic phenotype was significantly different between the two groups. (2) Chromatin accessibility was generally conserved between the two groups. A total of 29 140 peaks were detected in Angus cattle and 28 781 peaks were detected in Simmental cattle. The chromatin open regions between the two groups were mainly distributed at the transcription start site (TSS) ± 2 kb, and accounted for more than 84.57 % in the intron region, distal intergenic region and promoter region. (3) A total of 6 185 differential peaks were identified between the two groups, of which 5 030 peaks were up-regulated and 1155 were down-regulated. After the differential peak were annotated to related genes, GO/KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential peak-related genes were mainly enriched in classical muscle development-related pathways, such as anatomical morphogenesis, muscle structure development, actin filament-mediated, Hippo signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. (4) Motif enrichment analysis showed that among the top 20 transcription factor binding motifs, the top four belonged to the MEF2 transcription family, which were MEF2C, MEF2A, MEF2D, and MEF2B, respectively. Further focusing on the intersection analysis of AGS-specific peak and differentially expressed genes obtained by previous RNA-seq sequencing, it was found that the binding sites of MEF2B and MEF2D were the most enriched, and the TF-gene regulatory network with MEF2B and MEF2D as the core transcription factors was successfully constructed. A total of 13 target genes involved in muscle development regulation were screened, including ACTA1, CKM, CLCN1, SLN, and MYOZ3. IGV visualization confirmed the presence of MEF2B and MEF2D binding motifs in the promoter region of the above target genes, and highly overlapped with the open region of ATAC-seq.【Conclusion】 In this study, the combined analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data revealed the differences in chromatin accessibility between Angus cattle and Simmental cattle during the development of longissimus dorsi muscle, and screened MEF2B and MEF2D as key transcription factors (TFs) regulating bovine muscle growth. The TF-gene regulatory network with MEF2B and MEF2D as core transcription factors was constructed, which provided a theoretical basis for further analysis of the epigenetic mechanism of muscle development in beef cattle and functional verification of CRISPR-Cas9.

Key words: chromatin accessibility, muscle development, longissimus dorsi, amino acids, ATAC-seq

CHU HongEn, LIU Yuan, BAI Xue, YANG MengLi, LIU Tao, LI Fen, LI LanLan, MA Yun. The Key Transcription Factors Regulating Beef Cattle Muscle Development Screened by ATAC-seq[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(16): 3687-3698.

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必需氨基酸 EAA(μg·g^-1 FW)	安格斯牛 AGS	西门塔尔牛 XM	非必需氨基酸 NEAA(μg·g^-1 FW)	安格斯牛 AGS	西门塔尔牛 XM
甲硫氨酸Met	10.89±1.85	9.49±0.22	甘氨酸Gly	77.44±2.88	70.17±7.14
赖氨酸Lys	68.80±13.04a	28.12±6.85b	丙氨酸Ala	258.28±26.76	281.53±24.40
苯丙氨酸Phe	19.67±4.45	17.53±1.42	丝氨酸Ser	127.76±3.62a	95.19±8.68b
色氨酸Trp	9.24±0.76	6.18±1.29	脯氨酸Pro	38.03±1.44b	46.59±1.83a
缬氨酸Val	35.45±6.92	30.50±6.58	酪氨酸Tyr	25.64±3.68	22.47±4.76
苏氨酸Thr	37.63±4.74	27.88±0.31	精氨酸Arg	82.59±2.36a	38.97±2.27b
亮氨酸Leu	42.08±6.55	36.40±0.35	组氨酸His	102.6±2.29a	46.05±7.47b
异亮氨酸Ile	28.54±4.29	24.24±2.72	天冬氨酸Asp	7.24±1.1	5.85±0.91
异亮氨酸Ile	28.54±4.29	24.24±2.72	谷氨酸Glu	94.63±3.33a	34.67±3.46b

样品 Sample	下机数据碱基总数 Clean date (bp)	过滤后有效碱基总数 HQ clean date (bp)	唯一比对的reads数目 Unique mapped reads	唯一比对的reads比例 Unique mapped rate (%)
AGS-1	14541584400	10980107923	65580095	67.92
AGS-2	14919508800	11321472992	66649331	67.33
AGS-3	16304789400	12394515837	74550934	68.88
XM-1	17579211000	13510839920	80089254	68.68
XM-2	14105058600	11076552540	63286080	67.66
XM-3	15497562000	11696995991	68232416	66.33

序号 Rank	转录因子 TF	E值 E-value	序号 Rank	转录因子 TF	E值 E-value
1	MEF2C	3.10e-37	11	NR2F2	1.32e-4
2	MEF2A	7.04e-35	12	Nr1H2	1.34e-4
3	MEF2D	7.48e-19	13	SIX1	1.60e-4
4	MEF2B	2.19e-17	14	TBP	1.73e-4
5	NR4A1	3.80e-16	15	CDX1	1.86e-4
6	NR4A2	9.85e-16	16	PBX2	2.28e-4
7	SIX2	3.64e-11	17	HOXD12	2.74e-4
8	MEIS2	3.70E-6	18	NFIX	4.56e-4
9	Hmga1	4.75e-6	19	Ppara	2.41e-6
10	Nr1h3	5.35e-6	20	FOXL1	7.47e-4

The Key Transcription Factors Regulating Beef Cattle Muscle Development Screened by ATAC-seq

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