玉米-大豆垄沟间作对半干旱地区作物产量和水分利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对西北半干旱雨养地区水资源效率不足的问题，探究玉米-大豆垄沟间作种植（RFIC）对土壤水热条件、产量和水分利用的影响，明确其优化作物生长环境和高效用水的优势。【方法】于2023—2024年在陕西杨凌西北半干旱雨养农区开展连续2年田间定位试验，共设置4种种植模式：单作玉米（SM）、单作大豆（SS）、玉米大豆行比为2﹕4的常规间作（IC）、垄沟间作（RFIC，沟内种植玉米、垄上种植大豆，行比同IC）。通过测定土壤温度、土壤含水量、土壤蒸发、作物光合生理、叶面积指数与干物质积累量，收获期实测籽粒产量，并计算土地当量比、水分利用效率及水分当量比，系统评价不同种植模式对作物生产与水分利用的影响。【结果】RFIC处理下，玉米的叶面积指数（8.5%）、净光合速率（7.2%）与干物质积累（10.4%）均显著高于IC处理。与SM和SS处理相比，RFIC显著提高玉米产量且未导致大豆显著减产，土地当量比（LER）为1.14—1.18，具有较高的土地资源利用效率。RFIC通过重塑地表微地形，降低了无效蒸发，2023-2024年玉米拔节期土壤表层（0—20 cm）含水率较常规间作（IC）分别提高11.2%和6.8%。尽管RFIC未降低总体耗水量，但与IC处理相比，水分利用效率（WUE）提高7.9%—9.2%；两年水分当量比（WER）为1.06—1.18，表明其具有高效用水的潜力。【结论】相较于常规间作，玉米-大豆垄沟间作通过减少表层蒸发、改善生育初期热环境，营造了更有利于作物生长的环境玉米获得更高产量，同时减弱了对大豆的种间竞争，从而整体提高土地利用效率。因此，玉米-大豆垄沟间作有望优化西北地区的种植制度，并促进农业可持续发展。

关键词: 垄沟种植, 玉米大豆间作, 水分利用效率, 产量, 土地当量比

Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the low water use efficiency in rain-fed farmlands of the semi-arid region in Northwest China, this study explored the effects of ridge-furrow intercropping (RFIC) of maize and soybean on soil hydrothermal conditions, crop yield and water utilization, and clarified its advantages in optimizing crop growing environments and improving water use efficiency.【Method】A two-year consecutive located field experiment was conducted from 2023 to 2024 in Yangling, Shaanxi, a typical rain-fed agricultural area in the semi-arid zone of Northwest China. Four planting patterns were set up, including sole maize (SM), sole soybean (SS), conventional intercropping with a maize-soybean row ratio of 2:4 (IC), and ridge-furrow intercropping (RFIC), where maize was planted in furrows and soybean on ridges with the same row ratio as IC. Soil temperature, soil water content, soil evaporation, crop photosynthetic physiology, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation were measured during the growing period. Grain yield was determined at harvest. Land equivalent ratio (LER), water use efficiency (WUE) and water equivalent ratio (WER) were calculated to comprehensively evaluate the performance of different planting patterns in crop production and water utilization.【Result】Compared with IC, RFIC significantly increased maize LAI (by 8.5%), net photosynthetic rate (by 7.2%), and dry matter accumulation (by 10.4%). Relative to SM and SS, RFIC significantly increased maize yield without causing a significant reduction in soybean yield. The LER ranged from 1.14 to 1.18, indicating improved land-use efficiency under RFIC. By reshaping surface microtopography, RFIC reduced non-productive evaporation; during the maize jointing stage, soil water content in the 0-20 cm layer under RFIC was significantly higher than that under IC by 11.2% and 6.8% in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Although RFIC did not reduce total water consumption, WUE increased by 7.9%-9.2% relative to IC. Over the two years, the WER ranged from 1.06 to 1.18, demonstrating more effective water use under RFIC.【Conclusion】Overall, compared with IC, RFIC created a more favorable early-season growth environment by reducing surface-layer evaporation and improving the thermal regime during early growth stages. Under RFIC, maize-having a competitive advantage-achieved higher yield, while interspecific competitive suppression of soybean was alleviated, thereby enhancing overall land-use efficiency. Given the increasing global constraints on land and water resources, RFIC showed promise for optimizing cropping systems and promoting sustainable agricultural development in Northwest China.

Key words: ridge-furrow planting, maize-soybean intercropping, water-use efficiency, yield, land equivalent ratio

张新博, 范震, 吴昱霖, 王嘉豪, 罗璇, 林延荣, 强斌斌, 任小龙, 陈小莉. 玉米-大豆垄沟间作对半干旱地区作物产量和水分利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(14): 3056-3069.

ZHANG XinBo, FAN Zhen, WU YuLin, WANG JiaHao, LUO Xuan, LIN YanRong, QIANG BinBin, REN XiaoLong, CHEN XiaoLi. Effects of Maize-Soybean Ridge-Furrow Intercropping on Crop Yield and Water Use in Semiarid Regions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(14): 3056-3069.

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土壤层 Soil layer (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	总氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	总磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	pH
0—20	12.22	1.29	49.20	1.13	107.57	1.35	8.25
20—40	12.88	1.23	50.73	1.16	102.18	1.40	8.06
40—60	12.48	1.15	43.43	1.07	73.22	1.46	8.55
60—80	11.90	1.15	40.28	1.07	70.00	1.60	8.96
80—100	10.23	1.09	34.04	0.99	82.10	1.68	8.23

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生育时期 Growth period
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播种 Sow—V1	V1—V6	V6—V12	V12—R1	R1—R6	E/ET
2023	SM	3.18±0.31a	2.22±0.25a	0.70±0.06b	1.09±0.10b	1.79±0.04b	0.48±0.04a
	SS	3.30±0.27a	2.13±0.13ab	1.03±0.05a	1.80±0.19a	2.14±0.05a	0.52±0.02a
	IC	3.34±0.17a	1.71±0.16b	0.70±0.03b	1.33±0.11b	2.00±0.07ab	0.46±0.03a
	RFIC	3.51±0.18a	1.71±0.14b	0.57±0.07b	1.00±0.05b	1.74±0.03b	0.41±0.05a
2024	SM	3.85±0.18b	2.12±0.22a	1.65±0.14a	1.71±0.14a	1.98±0.04a	0.51±0.01ab
	SS	3.66±0.35b	2.29±0.31a	1.76±0.12a	1.62±0.16a	2.11±0.04a	0.56±0.03a
	IC	4.32±0.21a	1.81±0.22b	1.23±0.07b	1.38±0.11b	1.95±0.05a	0.48±0.02ab
	RFIC	4.13±0.12ab	1.92±0.21ab	1.35±0.14b	1.23±0.13b	1.90±0.02a	0.44±0.05b

年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)		总产量 Total Yield (kg·hm^-2)	偏土地当量比 Partial LER		总土地当量比 Total LER
年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	总产量 Total Yield (kg·hm^-2)	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	总土地当量比 Total LER
2023	SM	9327.1±154.8c	—	—	—	—	—
	SS	—	2238.6±261.5a	—	—	—	—
	IC	10905.6±423.6b	2058.8±167.4b	6128.5±115.1b	0.53±0.02b	0.50±0.16b	1.03±0.00b
	RFIC	11946.7±282.3a	2292.0±263.7a	6733.2±177.7a	0.58±0.03a	0.55±0.02a	1.14±0.02a
2024	SM	10695.2±436.6c	—	—	—	—	—
	SS	—	2650.1±455.1	—	—	—	—
	IC	13209.5±304.1b	2612.5±251.2a	7595.2±144.2b	0.57±0.13b	0.54±0.01b	1.11±0.02b
	RFIC	13972.3±353.0a	2918.8±367.5a	8000.5±125.9a	0.60±0.02a	0.57±0.14a	1.17±0.00a
P	年份 Year (Y)	0.001**	0.000***	0.000***	0.019**	0.000***	0.000***
	处理 Treatment (T)	0.000***	0.001**	0.002**	0.002**	0.003**	0.001**
	年份×处理 Y×T	0.241ns	0.045**	0.513ns	0.647ns	0.373ns	0.122ns

年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)			偏水分当量比 Partial WER		总水分当量比 Total WER
年份 Year	种植模式 Planting pattern	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	总计 Total	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	总水分当量比 Total WER
2023	SM	17.80±0.29a	—	—	—	—	—
	SS	—	4.42±0.12a	—	—	—	—
	IC	9.763±0.28b	2.23±0.07b	11.96±0.22b	0.53±0.027b	0.46±0.015b	1.00±0.008b
	RFIC	10.44±0.33b	2.49±0.06b	12.74±0.33a	0.56± 0.031a	0.49±0.013a	1.06±0.037a
2024	SM	18.32±0.74a	—	—	—	—	—
	SS	—	4.65±0.09a	—	—	—	—
	IC	10.21±0.23c	2.67±0.04b	12.89±0.24b	0.56±0.022b	0.58±0.010b	1.11±0.029b
	RFIC	11.13±0.27b	2.81±0.06b	13.85±0.21a	0.60± 0.026a	0.52±0.013a	1.18±0.003a
P	年份 Year (Y)	0.041**	0.000***	0.002**	0.008**	0.000***	0.000***
	处理 Treatment (T)	0.000***	0.001**	0.790ns	0.827ns	0.668ns	0.529ns
	年份×处理 Y×T	0.914ns	0.186ns	0.000***	0.002**	0.003**	0.000***