河南省小麦规模化种植的生产现状及经济效益分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】小农户生产经营模式已无法满足现代农业发展的需求，规模化种植是农业现代化的重要途径，可促进农业可持续发展。探明河南省不同种植规模下小麦施肥、灌水、病虫害防治以及产量和经济效益等现状，揭示不同种植规模对小麦生产的影响，以期为小麦的可持续生产提供参考依据。【方法】于2023年10月至2024年6月在河南省开展对小麦生产现状的调研，结合产量、肥料利用效率及经济效益，分析农田不同种植规模下的农田管理、小麦产量、肥料效率、经济效益的变化及协同作用。【结果】不同种植规模农户间小麦生产现状存在较大差异。小麦种植规模多为6.67—20.00 hm²，种植小麦品系多为郑麦系列，播种量以225 kg·hm^-2最多。种植规模为6.67—20.00 hm²的基肥施氮量和基肥施磷量均低于其他种植规模，种植规模≤33.33 hm²的追肥施磷量、施钾量均低于其他种植规模。小麦灌水多为3次，种植规模在20.00—33.33 hm²的灌水次数最多。小麦的病虫害防治施以杀虫剂和杀菌剂为主，种植规模为6.67—20.00 hm²时杀虫剂和杀菌剂施用次数最多。种植规模为6.67—20.00 hm²和20.00—33.33 hm²的产量和肥料偏生产力均显著高于其他种植规模，其中产量较其他种植规模分别显著提高了3.57%—20.80%和6.03%—23.67%，肥料偏生产力较其他种植规模分别显著提高了15.87%—43.02%和10.26%—36.10%。产投比以≤6.67 hm²显著大于其他规模，种植规模在≤33.33 hm²时净收益较高。【结论】河南省不同种植规模下小麦的种植、施肥、灌溉等管理措施存在较大差异，综合小麦产量、肥料偏生产力、净收益和产投比，最适种植规模为6.67—33.33 hm²。大部分小麦种植大户经营效率有较大的提升和优化空间,未来可采取更高效管理措施提高规模化种植的经营效率。

关键词: 小麦, 种植规模, 产量, 肥料偏生产力, 净收益

Abstract:

【Objective】The smallholder farming model has proven inadequate in meeting the demands of modern agricultural development, with large-scale planting emerging as a crucial pathway for agricultural modernization that facilitates sustainable agriculture development. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of wheat fertilization, irrigation, pest control, yield and economic benefits under different planting scales in Henan Province. Furthermore, it elucidated the impact of scale farming on wheat production, thereby providing a theoretical foundation and practical references for achieving sustainable wheat production. 【Method】A field investigation was conducted in Henan Province to examine the current situation of wheat production and its economic benefits from October 2023 to June 2024. By integrating yield with fertilizer use efficiency, this study systematically analyzed the variations in field management, wheat yield, fertilizer efficiency, and economic performance across different cultivation scales. 【Result】There were significant differences in wheat production among farmers with different cultivation scales. The majority of wheat cultivation areas in Henan Province fell within the range of 6.67-20.00 hm², with the Zhengmai wheat series being the predominant cultivar. The most common seeding rate was 225 kg·hm^-2. The application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus as basal fertilizers were lower in farms with 6.67-20.00 hm² compared with other planting scales. Phosphorus and potassium applied during topdressing were also lower than that of other planting scales ≤33.33 hm². Most surveyed farmers irrigated their fields three times, with the highest irrigation frequency observed in farms ranging from 20.00-33.33 hm². Pesticide use primarily involved insecticides and fungicides, with the highest application frequencies for both observed in the 6.67-20.00 hm² scale. Yields and partial factor productivity of fertilizers were significantly higher in farms sized 6.67-20.00 hm² and 20.00-33.33 hm² than in other scales. Wheat yields in these two groups were significantly increased by 3.57%-20.80%, and by 6.03%-23.67%, respectively, compared with other planting scales. Similarly, partial factor productivity improved by 15.87%-43.02%, and by 10.26%-36.10%, respectively. The output-input ratio was significantly higher in fields ≤6.67 hm² compared with other scales, while the highest net returns were observed at farm sizes ≤33.33 hm². 【Conclusion】Substantial variations in wheat management practices were observed across different farm scales in Henan Province. Comprehensive evaluation of yield, fertilizer partial factor productivity, net returns, and output-input ratio identified 6.67-33.33 hm² as the optimal cultivation scale. Substantial efficiency gaps were observed among large-scale wheat growers, indicating considerable potential for optimization through improved management practices. The adoption of more efficient management measures could significantly enhance the operational efficiency of different planting scales.

Key words: wheat, planting scales, yield, partial fertilizer productivity, net benefits

刘欢, 王高峰, 黄玉芳, 赵亚南, 杨雪, 叶优良. 河南省小麦规模化种植的生产现状及经济效益分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(22): 4603-4616.

LIU Huan, WANG GaoFeng, HUANG YuFang, ZHAO YaNan, YANG Xue, YE YouLiang. Analysis of the Production Status and Economic Benefits of Large- Scale Wheat Cultivation in Henan Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(22): 4603-4616.

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