自然老化条件下冬小麦种子活力及生理指标变化

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探索冬小麦种子在自然老化条件下的活力变化及其生理机制，分析不同贮藏时间对种子发芽活力、根系生长及抗氧化能力的影响，识别反映种子老化的重要生理指标，为选育具有较强贮藏性的冬小麦品种提供理论依据。【方法】以新育冬小麦品种安农1589（AN1589）、安农1687（AN1687）和安农179（AN179）为试验材料，分别在室温下进行长期储存，模拟自然老化条件。对室温条件下存放6、18和30个月的种子进行取样，测定种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和田间出苗率、幼苗期根系特征等活力指标。同时，分析小麦种子和幼苗期中的主要生理指标变化，包括电导率（Con）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、脯氨酸（Pro）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性，以及种子内可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等。【结果】在相同贮藏时间内，品种基因型对种子活力和生理指标均有显著影响，品种和老化时间的互作对种子活力产生显著的影响。随着储存时间的延长，冬小麦种子的发芽势和根系活力显著下降，发芽指数、活力指数、田间出苗率和苗期指标苗高、鲜重、根鲜重等也呈现逐渐降低的趋势。其中发芽势下降速度最快，贮藏6个月时，3个品种的发芽势均保持在90%以上；贮藏18个月后，AN1589、AN1687和AN179发芽势则分别下降至85.88%、81.70%和88.58%；贮藏30个月后均降至80%以下，分别为75.42%、74.04%和79.17%。这表明种子在自然老化过程中活力明显衰退。随着老化进程的推进，3个小麦品种不断积累MDA和Pro，表明种子细胞膜受到的氧化损伤不断加剧。AN1589的初始MDA含量在3个品种中最低，为0.0427 μmol·g^-1。而且AN1589贮藏30个月后Pro含量相比其他2个品种的增幅最小，为22.43%。SOD、CAT和POD等抗氧化酶的活性和内含物可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白等含量随着老化的加剧而下降，说明种子的抗氧化能力逐渐丧失，其内含物质逐渐被消耗用来给种子发芽和幼苗生长提供能力。【结论】冬小麦种子在自然老化条件下，其活力逐渐降低，这与种子内含物质的消耗、氧化损伤的加剧及抗氧化能力的减弱密切相关。MDA含量的增加和抗氧化酶活性的变化是反映种子老化的重要生理指标。在自然老化条件下，AN1589表现出相对稳定的活力和生理指标，显示出较强的耐贮性。

关键词: 小麦, 自然老化, 种子活力, 标准发芽试验, 生理指标

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to examine changes in seed vitality and physiological mechanisms under natural aging conditions in winter wheat, to analyze how different storage durations affect seed germination vitality, root growth, and antioxidant capacity, and to identify key physiological indicators of seed aging, so as to provide a basis for breeding winter wheat varieties with improved storability. 【Method】 The newly bred winter wheat cultivars, including Annong1589 (AN1589), Annong1687 (AN1687), and Annong179 (AN179), were used as experimental materials. The seeds were stored at room temperature to simulate natural aging condition. Samples were taken from seeds stored for 6 months, 18 months, and 30 months to measure seed vigor indices, such as germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, field emergence rate, and seedling root characteristics. Additionally, those key physiological indicators during the seed and seedling stages were analyzed, including electrical conductivity (Con), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (Pro), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, and the content of soluble sugars and soluble proteins in the seeds.【Result】Genotype had a significant effect on seed vigor and physiological indicators within the same storage period, with the interaction of cultivar and aging time having a notable impact on seed vigor. As storage time increased, the germination potential and root vigor of winter wheat seeds significantly declined. Germination index, vigor index, field emergence rate, and seedling stage indicators such as seedling height, fresh weight, and root fresh weight also showed a decreasing trend. Germination potential decreased most rapidly, with all three cultivars maintaining over 90% germination potential after 6 months of storage. After 18 months, the germination potential of AN1589, AN1687, and AN179 declined to 85.88%, 81.70%, and 88.58%, respectively. After 30 months of storage, the germination potential of all cultivars dropped below 80%, to 75.42%, 74.04%, and 79.17% of AN1589, AN1687, and AN179, respectively. This indicated a significant decline in seed vigor during natural aging. The study found that as the aging process progressed, the three cultivars continuously accumulated MDA and Pro, indicating increasing oxidative damage to the seed cell membranes. The initial MDA content in AN1589 was the lowest among the three cultivars, at 0.0427 μmol·g^-1. Moreover, AN1589 had the smallest increase in Pro content after 30 months of storage, at 22.43%. The activities of antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and POD, as well as the contents of soluble sugars and soluble proteins, decreased with increasing aging, indicating a gradual loss of antioxidant capacity and consumption of internal substances to support seed germination and seedling growth. 【Conclusion】Under natural aging conditions, the vigor of winter wheat seeds gradually decreased, closely related to the consumption of internal substances, increased oxidative damage, and weakened antioxidant capacity. The increase in MDA content and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were important physiological indicators reflecting seed aging. AN1589 exhibited relatively stable vigor and physiological indicators under natural aging conditions, indicating strong storage tolerance.

Key words: wheat, natural aging, seed vigor, standard germination test, physiological indicators

张玲, 曹磊, 蔡诚, 颜欣怡, 项博才, 艾佳, 詹新杨, 宋有洪, 朱玉磊. 自然老化条件下冬小麦种子活力及生理指标变化[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(5): 877-889.

ZHANG Ling, CAO Lei, CAI Cheng, YAN XinYi, XIANG BoCai, AI Jia, ZHAN XinYang, SONG YouHong, ZHU YuLei. Changes in Seed Vigor and Physiological Index of Winter Wheat Under Natural Aging Condition[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(5): 877-889.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2025/V58/I5/877

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品种 Cultivar	审定号 Approval number	千粒重 Thousand grain weight (g)	粒长 Grain length (mm)	粒宽 Grain width (mm)	粒厚 Grain thickness (mm)	饱满度 Plumpness	粒质 Vitreous	硬度指数 Hardness index (%)
AN1589	20210085	42.9	6.25	3.25	2.97	好 Well	角质 Cutin	66
AN1687	20210050	45.2	6.75	3.75	2.81	较好 Better	角质 Cutin	65
AN179	20230086	45.6	6.75	3.50	3.08	较好 Better	半角质 Hemichorny	63

来源 Source	品种 C	贮存时间 T	品种×贮存时间 C×T	来源 Source	品种 C	贮存时间 T	品种×贮存时间 C×T
df	2	2	4	AD	15.83*	NS	NS
GP	109.25**	533.20**	32.29**	TRL	25.36**	NS	NS
GR	133.62**	305.16**	8.49**	TRV	47.29*	NS	NS
GI	99.17**	145.70**	16.77**	Con	7.62*	23.71**	NS
VI	155.00**	172.30**	18.34**	MDA	17.45**	253.43**	46.87**
FER	20.89**	39.90**	5.91*	Pro	4.43*	37.94**	18.66*
RV	84.93**	617.07**	17.03**	SOD	68.90**	NS	NS
HS	23.64*	NS	NS	CAT	14.15**	NS	NS
FWS	11.85*	NS	NS	POD	39.72**	NS	NS
FWR	56.17**	NS	NS	GSS	34.44**	128.65**	3.44*
R	29.67*	NS	NS	GSP	17.32**	38.74*	NS
RSA	67.92**	159.44*	38.21*