高密度条件下株型改良对春玉米根-冠特征及籽粒产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (7): 1296-1310.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

高密度条件下株型改良对春玉米根-冠特征及籽粒产量的影响

赵耀¹(), 程前¹^,²(), 徐田军³, 刘正¹, 王荣焕³, 赵久然³, 陆大雷²(), 李从锋¹()

¹ 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室，北京 100081
² 扬州大学农学院/江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点，江苏扬州 225009
³ 北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心/玉米DNA指纹及分子育种北京市重点实验室，北京 100097

收稿日期:2024-08-08 接受日期:2024-12-05 出版日期:2025-04-08 发布日期:2025-04-08
通信作者:
李从锋，E-mail：licongfeng@caas.cn。
陆大雷，E-mail：dllu@yzu.edu.cn
联系方式: 赵耀，E-mail：zhaoyao_2000@163.com。程前，E-mail：498917931@qq.con。赵耀与程前为同等贡献作者。
基金资助:
国家玉米产业技术体系专项(CARS-02-14); 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2301702); 内蒙古自治区科技计划(2022YFD0041)

Effects of Plant Type Improvement on Root-Canopy Characteristics and Grain Yield of Spring Maize Under High Density Condition

ZHAO Yao¹(), CHENG Qian¹^,²(), XU TianJun³, LIU Zheng¹, WANG RongHuan³, ZHAO JiuRan³, LU DaLei²(), LI CongFeng¹()

¹ Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
² Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu
³ Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100097

Received:2024-08-08 Accepted:2024-12-05 Published:2025-04-08 Online:2025-04-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】增加种植密度是目前生产上提升玉米产量的主要农艺措施之一，但增密会导致群体结构不合理进而降低光照等有限资源利用效率，限制玉米产量潜力释放。基因编辑可以通过改良玉米株型来优化冠层结构使其适应密植进而增加产量，探明株型改良对春玉米根冠特性、籽粒产量及密度响应的影响及机制，可为春玉米的株型改良和密植高产提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】于2019和2020年在吉林省公主岭试验站进行为期2年的田间试验，以京科968和该品种的株型改良型品种京科Y968为试验材料，设置3个种植密度分别为6.0万株/hm²（D1）、7.5万株/hm²（D2）、9.0万株/hm²（D3）。研究相同遗传背景下株型对春玉米根-冠特征和产量的影响。【结果】在D1条件下，2种不同株型的春玉米品种间叶面积指数（LAI）、净光合速率（Pn）、光能利用效率（PUE）、干物质积累量及籽粒产量均无显著差异。但与京科968相比，京科Y968在D3条件下具有相对较高的主根条数（7.2%）和较大的根系干物质重量（6.0%），促进了营养物质的吸收；同时，在D2和D3条件下，京科Y968植株上部、中部和下部均具有相对较低的茎叶夹角和较高叶向值、叶面积指数。因此，D2和D3条件下灌浆中后期京科Y968穗位叶的Pn分别提高了7.5%和7.7%，PUE提高了4.3%和10.8%。结构方程模型分析表明，较高的叶向值和叶面积指数可正向直接地提升地上部干物质积累量，进而增加籽粒产量8.7%（D2）和11.2%（D3）。【结论】株型的改良使京科Y968在高密度条件下具有更高的主根条数和更大的根系干物质重，有利于地下部营养吸收，同时其叶片更为紧凑，光合速率显著提高，冠层光能利用率得到有效提升，根-冠结构更为合理，促进了地上部干物质积累，进而可以获得相对较高的籽粒产量。

关键词: 春玉米, 种植密度, 株型改良, 根系特性, 冠层结构

Abstract:

【Objective】Increasing planting density is a key agronomic strategy to enhance maize yield; however, excessive density may result in an imbalanced population structure, reduced utilization efficiency of limited resources (e.g., light), and suppressed yield potential. Gene editing can optimize canopy architecture through targeted improvement of maize plant type, thereby enhancing adaptability to high-density planting and boosting yield. Elucidating the effects of plant type improvement on root-shoot characteristics, grain yield, and density response in spring maize, as well as the underlying mechanisms, will provide theoretical and technical foundations for optimizing plant type and achieving high-yield dense planting in spring maize.【Method】The field experiment was conducted at Gongzhuling farm in Jilin, China. In this study, two maize hybrids, includding Jingke 968 and the improved plant types Jingke Y968, were grown with 60 000 plants/hm² (D1), 75 000 plants/hm² (D2) and 90 000 plants/hm² (D3) in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The effects of two plant types of spring maize of the same genetic background on the root-canopy characteristics and yield of spring maize were studied.【Result】Under normal density conditions (D1), there were no significant differences in leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), PAR utilization (PUE), dry matter accumulation and grain yield between the two different plant types spring maize cultivars. However, compared with Jingke 968, under D3 conditions, the improved plant type Jingke Y968 had a relatively high number of main roots (7.2%) and a relatively large weight of root dry matter (6.0%), which promoted the absorption of nutrients; furthermore, under D2 and D3 conditions, Jingke Y968 significantly improved the canopy structure of maize, so that the upper, middle and lower parts had relatively low leaf angles, higher leaf orientation and LAI, and the excellent canopy structure increased the Pn of mid-to-late ear leaves of (7.5% (D2) and 7.7% (D3)) and PUE (4.3% (D2) and 10.8% (D3)). The structural equation results showed that higher leaf direction values and LAI could positively and directly increase the accumulation of dry matter in the aboveground, thereby increasing grain yield (8.7% (D2) and 11.2% (D3)).【Conclusion】In summary, the improvement of plant type enabled Jingke Y968 to have higher main root number and larger root dry matter weight under high-density conditions, which was conducive to nutrient absorption in the underground part. Meanwhile, its leaves were more compact, Pn was significantly increased, PUE was effectively improved, and root-canopy characteristics were more reasonable, which promoted dry matter accumulation in the above-ground part. Thus, the relatively high grain yield could be obtained.

Key words: spring maize, planting density, plant type improvement, root characteristics, canopy structure

赵耀, 程前, 徐田军, 刘正, 王荣焕, 赵久然, 陆大雷, 李从锋. 高密度条件下株型改良对春玉米根-冠特征及籽粒产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(7): 1296-1310.

ZHAO Yao, CHENG Qian, XU TianJun, LIU Zheng, WANG RongHuan, ZHAO JiuRan, LU DaLei, LI CongFeng. Effects of Plant Type Improvement on Root-Canopy Characteristics and Grain Yield of Spring Maize Under High Density Condition[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(7): 1296-1310.

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年份 Year	密度 Density	株型 Plant type	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	穗粒数 Kernel numbers per ear	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2019	D1	Y968	31.75a	531.9a	8277.3c
	D1	968	31.58ab	535.9a	8294.3c
	D2	Y968	31.50ab	515.5b	10054.7b
	D2	968	30.23bc	508.8b	9521.7b
	D3	Y968	29.02c	512.1b	11119.8a
	D3	968	27.31d	478.9c	9787.4b
2020	D1	Y968	33.68a	533.8a	8813.3cd
	D1	968	32.56b	534.5a	8531.0d
	D2	Y968	32.52b	506.3b	10195.1b
	D2	968	28.99d	508.0b	9118.1c
	D3	Y968	30.08c	500.6b	11266.1a
	D3	968	28.54d	484.9c	10356.9b
方差分析 ANOVA	年份 (Y)		**	NS	*
	密度 (D)		**	**	**
	株型 (P)		**	**	**
	Y×D		**	NS	*
	Y×P		*	NS	NS
	D×P		**	**	**
	Y×D×P		NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	密度 Density	株型 Plant type	叶夹角Leaf angle (°)			叶向值 Leaf orientation value
年份 Year	密度 Density	株型 Plant type	上层 Upper layer	中层 Middle layer	下层 Lower layer	上层 Upper layer	中层 Middle layer	下层 Lower layer
2019	D1	Y968	28.87d	33.28c	38.65d	43.70a	40.17c	38.77a
	D1	968	42.44a	41.56a	44.99a	37.42b	35.76d	33.04b
	D2	Y968	26.26d	33.94c	38.03de	44.73a	44.35ab	38.38a
	D2	968	36.77b	37.40b	42.33b	35.19b	39.24cd	34.93b
	D3	Y968	20.44e	29.06d	36.71e	44.84a	46.88a	39.67a
	D3	968	32.22c	34.08c	40.47c	40.15ab	41.25bc	35.37b
2020	D1	Y968	27.14d	31.91d	37.81d	47.89bc	46.26c	40.56c
	D1	968	41.80a	40.89a	44.52a	38.53d	40.66e	36.59d
	D2	Y968	23.70e	31.93d	36.33e	51.20b	48.10b	42.75b
	D2	968	36.82b	37.48b	42.81b	41.68d	43.56d	39.00c
	D3	Y968	18.92f	27.14e	35.73e	55.06a	51.61a	45.02a
	D3	968	32.25c	34.24c	41.07c	45.79c	46.31c	40.36c
方差分析 ANOVA		年份 (Y)	*	*	NS	**	**	**
		密度 (D)	**	**	**	**	**	**
		株型 (P)	**	**	**	**	**	**
		Y×D	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS
		Y×P	NS	NS	*	NS	NS	NS
		D×P	NS	**	*	NS	NS	NS
		Y×D×P	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

密度 Density	株型 Plant type	主根条数Number of roots	根干物重 Root weight (g)				根冠比 Root shoot ratio
密度 Density	株型 Plant type	主根条数Number of roots	0—10 cm	10—20 cm	20—40 cm	总重 Total weight	根冠比 Root shoot ratio
D1	Y968	31.33a	14.72a	4.68a	0.48b	19.87a	0.10a
D1	968	30.33a	13.89ab	3.39b	0.67a	17.95ab	0.08ab
D2	Y968	29.00b	12.81ab	1.54c	0.34bc	14.69bc	0.08ab
D2	968	26.33c	12.16b	1.13cd	0.41b	13.70cb	0.07bc
D3	Y968	25.00d	9.01c	1.05de	0.18c	10.24cd	0.07bc
D3	968	23.33e	8.82c	0.64e	0.20c	9.66e	0.06c
方差分析ANOVA	密度 (D)	**	**	**	**	**	**
	株型 (P)	**	NS	**	NS	**	**
	D×P	NS	NS	*	NS	NS	NS

高密度条件下株型改良对春玉米根-冠特征及籽粒产量的影响

Effects of Plant Type Improvement on Root-Canopy Characteristics and Grain Yield of Spring Maize Under High Density Condition

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