华北平原多样化作物与小麦-玉米轮作对土壤质量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过位于华北平原的长期定位轮作试验，探究不同作物与小麦-玉米两熟轮作后土壤养分和团聚体养分分布差异，并进行土壤质量指数的综合评价，为改善华北粮田土壤耕层质量和产能提升提供科学理论依据。【方法】基于多样化作物轮作长期田间定位试验，以冬小麦-夏玉米（WM-WM）两熟复种连作为对照，设置春甘薯—冬小麦-夏玉米（Psw-WM）、春花生—冬小麦-夏玉米（Pns-WM）和春高粱—冬小麦-夏玉米（Ps-WM）3种两年三熟轮作模式。于2022年小麦开花期和收获期取土壤样品，测定土壤酶、团聚体稳定性及土壤和团聚体各粒级（>2.00、0.50—2.00、0.25—0.50、<0.25 mm）有机质、氮、磷、钾养分含量，综合评价不同轮作模式土壤养分分布特征和土壤质量指数（SQI）。【结果】与WM-WM相比，3种轮作模式都显著提高了0—40 cm土层无机态氮含量；Psw-WM显著提高了0—20 cm土壤有机质含量和团聚体>2.00 mm粒级全氮（0—10 cm）、速效钾（10—20 cm）和有机质（0—10 cm，>2.00和0.50—2.00 mm）含量及纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性蛋白酶活性；Pns-WM提高了20—40 cm土壤有机质含量和团聚体0.25—0.50和>2.00 mm（10—20 cm）粒级速效钾、团聚体有机质（0—10 cm，>2.00 mm；10—20 cm，>0.50 mm）含量及蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性蛋白酶活性；Psw-WM提高了0—10 cm土壤团聚体稳定性，Pns-WM则提高了0—30 cm土壤团聚体稳定性。Pns-WM和Psw-WM都显著提高了SQI，并且Pns-WM显著高于Psw-WM；路径分析结果表明团聚体的平均质量直径是SQI提升的直接显著因子，而且还通过影响无机态氮含量间接对SQI具有显著正向调控作用，而有机质含量增加导致大团聚体比例增大是提高SQI的显著间接调控路径。【结论】豆科（花生）和块根（甘薯）作物与小麦-玉米轮作能够为改善华北粮田土壤耕层质量、提升土壤养分供应能力发挥重要作用。

关键词: 华北平原, 多样化作物轮作, 土壤团聚体, 土壤质量指数, 土壤养分分布特征, 小麦, 玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】Based on the long-term experiment in the North China Plain (NCP), the differences in soil nutrient and aggregate nutrient distribution between diversified crops and wheat-maize rotation systems were investigated. Additionally, it provided a comprehensive evaluation of soil quality indices (SQI), offering a scientific basis for enhancing soil quality and productivity in the NCP. 【Method】Four diversified crop rotation systems were evaluated, including spring sweet potato-winter wheat-summer maize (Psw-WM), spring peanut-winter wheat-summer maize (Pns-WM), spring sorghum-winter wheat-summer maize (Ps-WM), with winter wheat-summer maize (WM-WM) serving as the control. The soil samples from the 0-40 cm depth were collected during the second rotation in 2022, at the flowering and harvesting stages of winter wheat. The soil enzymes activities, aggregate stability, organic matter, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soil and aggregates of different sizes (>2.00 mm, 0.50-2.00 mm, 0.25-0.50 mm, and <0.25 mm) were assessed. The SQI for each crop rotation system was then comprehensively evaluated. 【Result】Compared with WM-WM, the three other crop rotations increased soil inorganic nitrogen content. Psw-WM significantly enhanced organic matter in the 0-20 cm layer, total nitrogen in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), and organic matter in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm and 0.50-2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), which also increased cellulase, catalase, and alkaline protease activities. Pns-WM improved organic matter in the 20-40 cm layer and available potassium in soil aggregates (0.25-0.50 mm and >2.00 mm, 10-20 cm), as well as organic matter in soil aggregates (0-10 cm, >2.00 mm and 10-20 cm, >0.50 mm), which also increased sucrase, urease, and alkaline protease activities. Psw-WM improved the stability of 0-10 cm soil aggregates, while Pns-WM improved the stability of 0-30 cm soil aggregates. Both Pns-WM and Psw-WM significantly improved the SQI, with Pns-WM showing a higher improvement than Psw-WM. The path analysis revealed that the average weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was a direct and significant affecting SQI. It also had a significant indirect positive effect on SQI by influencing inorganic nitrogen. Additionally, the increased organic matter led to a higher proportion of large aggregates, which significantly affected SQI indirectly. 【Conclusion】Legume (peanut) and root crop (sweet potato) rotations with wheat-maize rotations could significantly improve soil quality and enhance the soil nutrient supply capacity in the NCP.

Key words: North China Plain, diversified crop rotation, soil aggregate, soil quality index, soil nutrient distribution, wheat, maize

张斯佳, 杨杰, 赵帅, 李莉威, 王贵彦. 华北平原多样化作物与小麦-玉米轮作对土壤质量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(2): 238-251.

ZHANG SiJia, YANG Jie, ZHAO Shuai, LI LiWei, WANG GuiYan. The Impact of Diversified Crops and Wheat-Maize Rotations on Soil Quality in the North China Plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(2): 238-251.

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	轮作模式 Crop rotation pattern	平均质量直径 Mean weight diameter (MWD) (mm)	几何平均直径 Geometric mean diameter (GMD) (mm)	>0.25 mm粒级团聚体质量百分数 Mass percentage of aggregates >0.25 mm (R_>0.25) (%)
0—10	WM-WM	1.108±0.001c	0.836±0.002c	85.670±0.317b
	Psw-WM	1.168±0.011b	0.894±0.012b	91.237±0.351a
	Pns-WM	1.202±0.015a	0.952±0.014a	86.732±0.247b
	Ps-WM	1.077±0.008c	0.802±0.010d	76.080±0.984c
10—20	WM-WM	1.174±0.004b	0.905±0.004b	86.396±0.082a
	Psw-WM	1.216±0.017ab	0.943±0.019ab	82.934±0.378b
	Pns-WM	1.249±0.027a	1.009±0.035a	86.757±1.354a
	Ps-WM	1.269±0.009a	0.991±0.012a	83.689±0.755b
20—30	WM-WM	1.249±0.005bc	0.982±0.006bc	83.151±0.379c
	Psw-WM	1.282±0.006ab	1.011±0.007ab	86.197±0.398b
	Pns-WM	1.306±0.021a	1.050±0.025a	88.757±0.849a
	Ps-WM	1.237±0.008c	0.963±0.007c	83.689±0.501c
30—40	WM-WM	1.204±0.012c	0.931±0.016c	85.872±1.093b
	Psw-WM	1.248±0.004b	0.980±0.004b	91.957±0.266a
	Pns-WM	1.200±0.015c	0.934±0.021c	86.121±1.278b
	Ps-WM	1.308±0.006a	1.027±0.007a	85.903±0.212b