集雨种植模式下种植密度与行距配置对小麦茎秆糖积累及倒伏性能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析沟垄集雨种植模式下不同种植密度和行距配置对小麦茎秆碳水化合物积累和抗倒伏性能的影响，明确适应于小麦沟垄集雨种植合理的密度及行距，为进一步稳定和提升小麦产量提供理论依据。【方法】以北方旱区主栽小麦品种西农979为试验材料，于2019—2021年在集雨种植模式下设置两个密度（低密度：180万株/hm²；高密度：225万株/hm²）和两种行距处理（等行距：20 cm；非等行距：12.5 cm﹕35 cm﹕12.5 cm），分析不同密度和行距对小麦植株中下部叶片的净光合速率、茎秆非结构性碳水化合物和结构性碳水化合物含量、茎秆折断弯矩和倒伏指数以及籽粒产量的影响。【结果】集雨种植模式下提高种植密度，小麦植株中下部叶片（倒三叶、倒四叶、倒五叶）的净光合速率（Pn）、茎秆基部第二节间非结构性碳水化合物（葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖）和结构性碳水化合物（半纤维素、纤维素）含量、茎秆折断弯矩均明显降低，茎秆倒伏指数显著增高；而高密度种植条件下非等行距处理可改变植株各指标，其中，相较于高种植密度+等行距处理，植株倒三叶、倒四叶、倒五叶Pn明显提高，增幅分别为7.7%—16.5%、5.3%—37.7%、11.9%—24.9%，茎秆葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量分别提高了9.8%—15.0%、8.8%—27.4%、8.2%—41.1%，半纤维素、纤维素含量分别增加4.5%—19.8%、5.9%—31.2%，茎秆折断弯矩提高4.8%—17.3%，茎秆倒伏指数降低10.9%—25.9%，小麦产量亦显著提高了13.5%—15.2%。相关分析表明，小麦茎秆基部节间葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量与半纤维素、纤维素含量呈极显著正相关；小麦茎秆非结构性碳水化合物、结构性碳水化合物与小麦植株中下部叶片Pn及茎秆折断弯矩呈显著正相关，而与倒伏指数呈极显著负相关。【结论】集雨种植模式下，通过非等行距种植调节群体空间分布，可有效提升小麦植株中下部叶片光合速率，促进茎秆糖类物质合成积累，增强小麦茎秆抗倒伏性能，进而降低小麦倒伏发生率，提高籽粒产量。

关键词: 小麦, 集雨种植, 种植密度, 行距配置, 倒伏, 光合速率, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different planting densities and row spacing configurations on stem carbohydrate accumulation and lodging resistance of wheat under ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting mode, and to clarify the reasonable density and row spacing of wheat under ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting mode, so as to provide a theoretical basis for further stabilizing and increasing wheat yield. 【Method】Xinong 979 was the main wheat cultivar in the arid area of north China, which was used as the experimental material. In 2019-2021, two planting densities (low density: 1.8 million plants per hm²; high density: 2.25 million plants per hm²) and two row spacing (equal row spacing: 20 cm; non-equal spacing: 12.5 cm:35 cm:12.5 cm) treatments were set in the rainfall harvesting planting mode. The effects of different densities and row spacing on photosynthetic rate of middle and lower leaves in wheat plants, content of stem non-structural carbohydrates and structural carbohydrates, stem breaking moment and lodging index, and grain yield were analyzed. 【Result】The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the middle and lower leaves (the third leaf, the fourth leaf and the fifth leaf) in wheat plants, the content of non-structural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and structural carbohydrates (hemicellulose, cellulose) in the second internode at the base of stem, and the stem breaking moment were significantly decreased with the increase of planting density in the rainfall harvesting planting mode, but the stem lodging index increased significantly. However, under high-density planting condition, non-equal row spacing treatment could significantly change all plant indexes. Compared with high planting density + equal spacing treatment, the Pn of the third leaf, the fourth leaf and the fifth leaf in plants increased significantly, with increases of 7.7%-16.5%, 5.3%-37.7% and 11.9%-24.9%, respectively; the content of glucose, fructose and sucrose in stems increased by 9.8%-15.0%, 8.8%-27.4% and 8.2%-41.1%, respectively; the content of hemicellulose and cellulose increased by 4.5%-19.8%, 5.9%-31.2%, respectively; the stem breaking moment increased by 4.8%-17.3%, the stem lodging index decreased by 10.9%-25.9%, while wheat yield was significantly increased by 13.5%-15.2%. Correlation analysis showed that, the content of glucose, fructose and sucrose in the basal internode of wheat stem were positively correlated with the content of hemicellulose and cellulose. Non-structural carbohydrates and structural carbohydrates in wheat stem were positively correlated with Pn of middle and lower leaves as well as stem breaking moment, however, they were negatively correlated with lodging index. 【Conclusion】Under the rainfall harvesting planting mode, adjusting population spatial distribution by non-equal row spacing could effectively increase photosynthetic rate of middle and lower leaves of wheat plants, promote the synthesis and accumulation of sugar substances in stems, and enhance the lodging resistance of wheat stem, furthermore, reduce the lodging incidence of wheat and improve grain yield.

Key words: wheat, rainfall harvesting planting, planting density, row spacing configuration, lodging, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), yield

覃凤, 汪小飞, 吴臻, 胡一波, 王小琴, 张家伟, 蔡铁. 集雨种植模式下种植密度与行距配置对小麦茎秆糖积累及倒伏性能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(1): 65-79.

QIN Feng, WANG XiaoFei, WU Zhen, HU YiBo, WANG XiaoQin, ZHANG JiaWei, CAI Tie. Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing Configuration on Sugar Accumulation and Lodging Performance of Wheat Stem Under Rainfall Harvesting Planting Mode[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(1): 65-79.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spikes per m²	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg∙hm^-2)
2019-2020	R-L	401b	42.1a	43.3a	5969c
	R-H	495a	39.4b	39.2b	6785b
	R-L-W	422b	42.8a	43.3a	6447b
	R-H-W	504a	41.2a	42.2a	7815a
2020-2021	R-L	419b	41.3a	42.6a	6083c
	R-H	497a	39.6b	40.1b	6974b
	R-L-W	411b	40.3a	42.1a	6662b
	R-H-W	514a	40.5a	43.2a	7916a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	倒伏时期 Lodging stage	倒伏等级 Lodging grade	倒伏率 Lodging rate (%)
2019-2020	R-L	—	0	0b
	R-H	灌浆期 Filling stage	2	40.3a
	R-L-W	—	0	0b
	R-H-W	—	0	0b
2020-2021	R-L	—	0	0b
	R-H	灌浆期 Filling stage	1	56.3a
	R-L-W	—	0	0b
	R-H-W	—	0	0b