间歇温度处理对育成蛋鸡采食及肠道发育的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.07.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究环境温热对家禽采食的影响，补充蛋鸡饲养过程中的参数缺失，为蛋鸡的正确饲养提供科学依据。【方法】选取11周龄的伊莎褐蛋鸡360只，分为5个处理组，每组6个重复，每个重复12只鸡。正式试验前将试验蛋鸡分别转入5间智能环控鸡舍预饲1周。采用标准笼养，每笼3只鸡。鸡舍内相对湿度保持在60%，育成期每天光照8 h（9:00 — 17:00光照）。分为对照组和4个处理组，对照组保持基础温度22℃不变；4个处理组采用每日间歇温度处理，即每天10:00 —18:00期间分别进行24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃的温度处理，其余时间恢复到基础温度22℃（升温与降温时间均在1 h以内）。试验期8周。试验蛋鸡自由采食和饮水，每周统计采食量，每两周采集一次样品，每组随机挑选12只鸡，称重后断颈处死，称量腺胃重量，以及十二指肠、空肠和回肠的重量与长度。采集下丘脑、腺胃和十二指肠样品于液氮中速冻，-80℃保存。试验结束前连续3 d分别在热处理期和非热处理期统计采食量。【结果】在试验的前4周，与对照组T22相比，T30组的采食量显著降低（P<0.05）；在试验后4周时，T24组的采食量显著高于T28组和T30组（P<0.05）。在热处理期，T30组的采食量显著低于T22和T24；在非热处理期，T30组的采食量显著低于T22、T24和T26组（P<0.05）；各组热处理期的采食量均显著低于非热处理期（P<0.05），并且保持T24组采食量最高，T30组采食量最低。通过统计器官指数，发现在16周时，与T22组相比，各处理组的腺胃指数极显著升高（P<0.01）；18周时，与T22组相比，T30组的空肠指数显著降低，且低于其他处理组（P<0.05）；20周时，与T22组相比，T24组的腺胃指数、空肠指数和回肠指数显著升高（P<0.05），且空肠指数显著高于T30组（P<0.05）。检测食欲基因的表达，发现在14周时，与T22组相比，各处理组下丘脑NPY（Neuropeptide Y）的表达量显著升高（P<0.05），T30组下丘脑AgRP（Agouti-related protein）的表达量显著降低（P<0.05），T30组十二指肠CCK（Cholecystokinin）的表达量显著升高（P<0.05）；20周时，与T22组相比，T24组下丘脑CART（Cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript）的表达量显著降低（P<0.05），T24组腺胃ghrelin的表达量显著降低（P<0.05）。【结论】育成期环境温度保持在24℃可以促进蛋鸡胃肠道的发育，提高下丘脑中促食因子NPY的表达，抑制下丘脑抑食因子CART和腺胃ghrelin的表达量，有利于蛋鸡的生长发育。而30℃高温处理会对蛋鸡的肠道造成损伤，抑制下丘脑促食因子AgRP的表达，同时促进十二指肠抑食因子CCK的表达，从而抑制蛋鸡采食，降低采食量。

关键词: 蛋鸡, 采食, 温热, 育成期, 肠道, 下丘脑

Abstract:

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to study the effects of ambient temperature on feeding and intestinal development of poultry, and to supplement the absent temperature parameters for laying hens rearing, so as to provide a certain scientific basis for the correct feeding of laying hens.【Method】 A total of 360 Issa brown laying hens aged 11 weeks were selected and divided into 5 treatment groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 hens per replicate. The experimental laying hens were transferred to 5 intelligent environmental control chicken houses for 1 week of pre-trial and 8 weeks of formal experiment, with 3 chickens per cage. The relative humidity in the chicken house was kept at 60%, and the light was kept for 8 h (9:00-17:00) every day during the prelay period. The temperature of the control group was kept unchanged at 22℃, and the four treatment groups were carried out in a manner of daily intermittent, including 24℃, 26℃, 28℃, and 30℃ at 10:00-18:00 every day, respectively, and changed to the base temperature 22℃ for the rest of the time, the heating and cooling time were within 1 h. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The experimental laying hens were free to eat and drink, the feed intake was counted weekly, and the samples were collected once every two weeks. Twelve hens in each group were randomly selected and weighed, and then killed by neck cutting. The weight of glandular stomach, the weight and length of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were weighed. Hypothalamus, glandular stomach and duodenum samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80℃. Feed intake was calculated in heat treatment period and non-heat treatment period for 3 days before the end of experiment.【Result】 Compared with T22 group, the feed intake in T30 group was significantly decreased at 13-16 week (P<0.05); the feed intake in T24 group was significantly higher than that in T28 and T30 groups at 17-20 week (P<0.05). During the heat treatment period, the feed intake of T30 group was significantly lower than that in T22 and T24 groups (P<0.05). The feed intake of T30 group was significantly lower than that in T22, T24 and T26 groups during the non-heat treatment period (P<0.05). The feed intake in the heat treatment period was significantly lower than that in the non-heat treatment period (P<0.05), and the highest feed intake was maintained in T24 group and the lowest in T30 group. Compared with T22 group, the glandular gastric index was significantly increased at 16 week (P<0.01). At 18 week, compared with T22 group, the jejunum index in T30 group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). At 20 week, compared with T22 group, the glandular stomach index, jejunum index and ileum index in T24 group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the jejunum index was significantly higher than that in T30 group (P<0.05). Compared with T22 group, the expression of NPY (Neuropeptide Y) in hypothalamus of all treatment groups was significantly increased at 14 week (P<0.05). The expression of AgRP (Agouti-related protein) in hypothalamus of T30 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the expression of CCK (Cholecystokinin) in duodenum of T30 group was significantly increased (P<0.05). At 20 week, compared with T22 group, the expression of CART (amphetamine-regulated transcript) in hypothalamus of T24 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the expression of ghrelin in glandular stomach of T24 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 These results indicated that ambient temperature at 24℃ during the growing period could promote the development of gastrointestinal tract, increase the expression of NPY in hypothalamus, and inhibit the expression of CART and ghrelin in hypothalamus, which was beneficial to the growth and development of laying hens. However, the high temperature treatment at 30℃ damaged the intestinal tract of laying hens, inhibited the expression of hypothalamus feeding promoting factor AgRP, and promoted the expression of duodenal feeding inhibiting factor CCK, thus inhibiting feeding intake and reducing feed intake of laying hens.

Key words: laying hens, feed intake, temperature, prelay period, intestine, hypothalamus

刘增民, 潘亚丽, 林海, 焦洪超, 赵景鹏, 王晓鹃. 间歇温度处理对育成蛋鸡采食及肠道发育的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(7): 1391-1400.

LIU ZengMin, PAN YaLi, LIN Hai, JIAO HongChao, ZHAO JingPeng, WANG XiaoJuan. Effects of Intermittent Different Temperature on Feeding and Intestinal Development of Growing Laying Hens[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(7): 1391-1400.

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名称 Gene name	编号 Genbank number	引物位置 Primers position	引物序列 Primers sequences (5′→3′)
NPY	M87294	Forward primer	GAGGCACTACATCAACCTCATCAC
NPY	M87294	Reverse primer	TGTTTTCTGTGCTTTCCCTCAA
AgRP	NM_001031457	Forward primer	GGAACCGCAGGCATTGTC
AgRP	NM_001031457	Reverse primer	GTAGCAGAAGGCGTTGAAGAA
POMC	NM_001031098	Forward primer	CGCTACGGCGGCTTCA
POMC	NM_001031098	Reverse primer	CGCCGCTCACAGGCACTTG
CART	BI394769	Forward primer	TGCCGCACTACGAGAAGAAGTTC
CART	BI394769	Reverse primer	CGCCGCTCACAGGCACTTG
Ghrelin	AB075215	Forward primer	CCTTGGGACAGAAACTGCTC
Ghrelin	AB075215	Reverse primer	CACCAATTTCAAAAGGAACG
CCK	NM_001001741	Forward primer	CAGCAGAGCCTGACAGAACC
CCK	NM_001001741	Reverse primer	AGAGAACCTCCCAGTGGAACC
GAPDH	NM_204305.1	Forward primer	ATCACAGCCACACAGAAGACG
GAPDH	NM_204305.1	Reverse primer	TGACTTTCCCCACAGCCTTA
β-actin	L08165	Forward primer	TGCGTGACATCAAGGAGAAG
β-actin	L08165	Reverse primer	TGCCAGGGTACATTGTGGTA

周龄 Week age	温度 Temperature					F值 F value	P值 P value
周龄 Week age	T22	T24	T26	T28	T30	F值 F value	P值 P value
14 week
十二指肠 Duodenum	18.18±1.90	16.46±2.52	16.54±2.49	16.60±2.47	14.59±2.35	F(4,54)=0.28	0.8885
空肠 Jejunum	34.01±6.46	32.18±5.38	30.67±5.42	30.53±5.23	26.54±4.78	F(4,55)=0.25	0.9066
回肠 Ileum	29.74±6.14	30.33±6.76	27.71±5.95	27.75±5.31	26.71±5.26	F(4,55)=0.07	0.9917
16 week
十二指肠 Duodenum	21.42±0.64	20.56±1.07	21.79±1.01	21.09±0.70	19.13±0.70	F(4,54)=1.52	0.2087
空肠 Jejunum	47.71±1.20	47.83±1.87	45.83±1.70	49.25±2.21	44.08±1.71	F(4,55)=1.29	0.2861
回肠 Ileum	41.21±1.79	39.75±2.10	42.67±2.12	40.77±2.03	40.79±1.68	F(4,54)=0.30	0.8776
18 week
十二指肠 Duodenum	17.79±0.59	17.09±0.88	16.71±0.53	17.71±0.49	16.41±0.44	F(4,53)=1.02	0.4041
空肠 Jejunum	37.63±1.52	39.55±1.52	38.58±1.42	39.04±1.60	36.96±2.08	F(4,54)=0.40	0.8061
回肠 Ileum	20.81±1.00	23.45±1.01	22.67±0.88	21.92±1.01	22.13±2.05	F(4,53)=0.55	0.6989
20 week
十二指肠 Duodenum	19.03±0.47	19.40±0.76	18.44±0.87	19.00±0.92	19.31±1.07	F(4,54)=0.20	0.9392
空肠 Jejunum	45.45±3.21	48.10±2.92	43.00±2.50	48.08±1.58	45.38±2.36	F(4,52)=0.73	0.5775
回肠 Ileum	36.97±2.33	37.44±2.58	36.30±2.09	37.97±0.91	36.46±2.56	F(4,54)=0.10	0.9813