中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (17): 3289-3302.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.003

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

旱地化肥分层和深施对春小麦水肥利用及产量的影响

侯慧芝(),张绪成*(),尹嘉德,方彦杰,王红丽,于显枫,马一凡,张国平,雷康宁   

  1. 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-02 接受日期:2022-01-28 出版日期:2022-09-01 发布日期:2022-09-07
  • 通讯作者: 张绪成
  • 作者简介:侯慧芝,E-mail: houhuizhi666@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900700);国家自然科学基金(31960398);甘肃省科技重大专项(20ZD7NA007);甘肃省科技计划项目(20JR10RA464);甘肃省科技计划项目(20YF8WA110);甘肃省农业科学院农业科技创新专项(2020GAAS32)

Effects of Deep and Layered Application of Reduced Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Water, Nutrient Utilization and Yield of Spring Wheat in Rain-Fed Arid Area

HOU HuiZhi(),ZHANG XuCheng*(),YIN JiaDe,FANG YanJie,WANG HongLi,YU XianFeng,MA YiFan,ZHANG GuoPing,LEI KangNing   

  1. Institute of Dryland Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070
  • Received:2021-11-02 Accepted:2022-01-28 Online:2022-09-01 Published:2022-09-07
  • Contact: XuCheng ZHANG

摘要:

【目的】 为优化西北旱作区春小麦施肥量及施肥方式,提高小麦产量和水分利用效率。【方法】 于2018—2020年开展大田试验,以陇春35号为供试品种,设4个处理,分别为氮肥常量浅施(PM)、氮肥减量浅施(PM-N)、氮肥减量深施(PMD)和氮肥减量分层施肥(PMA),测定春小麦不同生育期0—300 cm土层土壤含水量、生物量、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、冠层温度、叶面积指数、产量等指标,计算土壤贮水量、阶段耗水量、水分利用效率、植株氮素累积量和氮肥偏生产力等,从土壤水分-冠层发育-产量角度揭示化肥分层和深施对土壤水肥利用和产量的影响。【结果】 PMA和PMD处理显著调节春小麦生育期耗水进程。苗期到拔节期,PMA和PMD处理在0—300 cm的耗水量较PM处理分别提高11.8—20.4 mm和15.1—25.4 mm,较PM-N处理分别提高10.7—14.6 mm和9.3—20.0 mm;抽穗到灌浆期,较PM处理分别提高15.1—39.8 mm和16.5—26.5 mm,较PM-N处理分别提高18.1—48.7 mm和19.5—35.4 mm。PMA和PMD处理在春小麦生育期的叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、生物量分别较PM处理平均提高7.2%和4.2%、23.0%和19.4%、34.6%和17.8%,较PM-N处理平均提高7.6%和5.4%、17.7%和10.8%、38.5%和23.4%;PMA处理拔节后和PMD处理抽穗后的冠层温度分别较PM处理降低8.5%和4.5%,较PM-N处理降低8.6%和4.8%。PMA和PMD处理穗粒数较PM处理平均提高4.3%和4.0%,较PM-N处理平均提高4.8%和4.2%;公顷穗数较PM处理平均提高10.1%和6.2%,较PM-N处理平均提高11.0%和7.8%。PMA和PMD处理的产量、WUE、植株氮素累积量、氮肥偏生产力较PM处理分别提高10.5%和5.1%、11.8%和6.2%、48.0%和35.7%、38.2%和31.3%,较PM-N处理分别提高15.7%和10.0%、14.1%和8.0%、51.8%和40.4%、15.7%和10.0%。PMA处理较PMD处理增产5.2%,WUE和氮肥偏生产力分别提高4.8%和5.2%。PM-N处理的氮肥偏生产力较PM处理提高21.0%(P<0.01),其他指标均无显著性差异。【结论】 在氮肥施用量由150 kg·hm-2减少到120 kg·hm-2后,采用化肥分层和深施仍能实现春小麦增产和水肥高效利用,可在西北黄土高原旱作春小麦生产中推广应用。

关键词: 西北旱地, 春小麦, 氮肥减量深施, 氮肥减量分层施肥, 水分利用效率, 氮肥偏生产力

Abstract:

【Objective】 The field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020, in order to determine the optimized fertilization amount and methods of spring wheat, and to improve yield and water use efficiency on rain-fed area of northwest China. 【Method】 The spring wheat (Longchun 35) was selected as test material. Three fertilization depths with nitrogen reduction application included shallow application (PM-N), deep application (PMD), and layered application (PMA), and the control was traditional nitrogen shallow application (PM). The soil water content in 0-300 cm profile, aboveground biomass, leaf SPAD value, canopy temperature and leaf area index (LAI) in different growth stages, as well as grain yield of wheat were recorded. The soil water storage (SWS), periodical evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), plant nitrogen accumulation (PNA) and nitrogen partial productivity (PFPN) were calculated to understand the effects of the deeper and layered application of chemical fertilizer on nutrient and water utilization from the aspect of soil moisture, canopy development and grain yield. 【Result】 PMA and PMD significantly regulated the process of water consumption during the growth period of spring wheat. From seedling to jointing stage, the water consumption in 0-300 cm profile of PMA and PMD increased by 11.8-20.4 mm and 15.1-25.4 mm compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 10.7-14.6 mm and 9.3-20.0 mm compared with PM-N, respectively. From heading to filling stage, the water consumption increased by 15.1-39.8 mm and 16.5-26.5 mm compared with PM, increased by 18.1-48.7 mm and 19.5-35.4 mm compared with PM-N, respectively. Correspondingly, the average SPAD value, LAI and biomass during the growth period of spring wheat of PMA and PMD were increased by 7.2% and 4.2%, 23.0% and 19.4%, 34.6% and 17.8% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 7.6% and 5.4%, 17.7% and 10.8%, 38.5% and 23.4% compared with PM-N, respectively. However, the canopy temperature of PMA after jointing, and that of PMD after heading was decreased by 8.5% and 4.5% compared with PM, respectively, and decreased by 8.6% and 4.8% compared with PM-N, respectively. The grain number was increased by 4.3% and 4.0% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 4.8% and 4.2% compared with PM-N, respectively. The spike number was increased by 10.1% and 6.2% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 11.0% and 7.8% compared with PM-N, respectively. The yield, WUE, PNA and PFPN of PMA and PMD were increased by 10.5% and 5.1%, 11.8% and 6.2%, 48.0% and 35.7%, 38.2% and 31.3% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 15.7% and 10.0%, 14.1% and 8.0%, 51.8% and 40.4%, 15.7% and 10.0% compared with PM-N, as compared with PM-N, respectively. The yield, WUE and PFPN of PMA were increased by 5.2%, 4.8% and 5.2% compared to PMD, respectively. The significant difference of the indices between PM-N and PM were not observed, except the PFPN of PM-N was significantly increased by 21.0% compared to PM. 【Conclusion】 While the amount of chemical N application was reduced from 150 kg·hm-2 to 120 kg·hm-2, both PMD and PMA could increase the grain yield, nitrogen and water utilization, which should be widely extend on the northwest loess plateau.

Key words: arid area of northwest, spring wheat, nitrogen reduction and chemical fertilizer deep application, nitrogen reduction and chemical fertilizer layered application, water use efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity