秸秆分解对两种类型土壤无机氮和氧化亚氮排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.04.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确作物秸秆分解对土壤无机氮和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的影响,为不同土壤类型采用合理的氮肥用量,促进秸秆分解、增加土壤可利用养分、减少N₂O等温室气体排放提供理论依据。【方法】室内采用尼龙网袋法,设置秸秆类型（小麦和玉米）、土壤类型（潮土和砂姜黑土）和氮肥用量（N0：0,N1：180 kg N·hm^-2,N2：360 kg N·hm^-2）三因素培养试验,并设置无秸秆无氮肥为对照（CK）,测定了土壤无机氮含量、N₂O和CO₂排放通量以及土壤酶活性等参数。【结果】与CK相比,添加作物秸秆的N0处理土壤无机氮含量显著降低,每添加1 g小麦或玉米秸秆平均减少0.8 mg或0.4 mg土壤无机氮。与潮土相比,不同氮肥用量条件下砂姜黑土添加小麦秸秆后土壤无机氮含量降低16%,而添加玉米秸秆后增加41%。与添加小麦秸秆相比,潮土和砂姜黑土添加玉米秸秆后无机氮含量分别增加111%和252%。两种土壤添加小麦或玉米秸秆均促进N₂O和CO₂排放。与CK相比,添加小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆的N0处理土壤N₂O排放累积量分别增加70%和47%;CO₂排放累积量增加346%和154%;全球变暖潜力增加53%和71%。与潮土相比,砂姜黑土添加小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆后N₂O排放通量降低38%和61%,N₂O排放累积量降低12%和51%,CO₂排放累积量降低28%和16%。与潮土相比,砂姜黑土添加小麦秸秆的全球变暖潜力增加13%,而添加玉米秸秆却降低44%。与添加小麦秸秆相比,潮土和砂姜黑土添加玉米秸秆后N₂O排放累积量分别增加88%和6%;CO₂排放累积量降低21%和6%。不同氮肥用量和土壤类型条件下添加玉米秸秆的全球变暖潜力比小麦秸秆高91%。与N0和N2处理相比,砂姜黑土添加小麦秸秆或玉米秸秆的同时配施适量氮肥（N1）降低N₂O排放量以及全球变暖潜力。与CK相比,两种土壤类型添加小麦或玉米秸秆后土壤蔗糖酶活性增加,而过氧化氢酶和氧气含量降低。与添加小麦秸秆相比,两种土壤添加玉米秸秆后脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性降低。与潮土相比,砂姜黑土添加作物秸秆后脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性降低,氧气含量增加;而过氧化氢酶活性和氧气含量均与N₂O排放通量呈显著负相关。【结论】小麦和玉米秸秆分解均降低土壤无机氮含量、促进温室气体排放。玉米秸秆分解过程中土壤无机氮含量和N₂O排放量均高于小麦秸秆;潮土添加小麦或玉米秸秆的N₂O排放量高于砂姜黑土;砂姜黑土添加小麦或玉米秸秆并配施适量氮肥不会增加土壤N₂O排放和全球变暖潜力。生产上秸秆还田应综合考虑秸秆类型、土壤类型和氮肥用量。

关键词: 秸秆, 潮土, 砂姜黑土, 温室气体, 氮素矿化, 全球变暖潜力

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of crop residue decomposition on soil available nitrogen (N) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, and provide a theoretical basis for reasonable N fertilizer rate in agricultural soils to promote residue decomposition, to increase soil available nutrients, and to reduce N₂O emissions. 【Method】The indoor soil incubations with nylon decomposition bag were conducted to study the effects of crop residue types (wheat and maize), soil types (fluvo-aquic soil: AS and Shajiang black soil: LS) and N fertilizer rates (N0: 0; N1: 180 kg N·hm^-2; N2: 360 kg N·hm^-2) on soil N₂O emission. A control (CK) without residue addition and N fertilizer input was also established for the two soil types. Inorganic N content, N₂O and CO₂ flux, and soil enzyme activity were measured in incubated soil. 【Result】Compared with CK, soil inorganic N content under N0 decreased significantly, which was decreased by 0.8 mg·g^-1 for 1 g wheat residue addition or 0.4 mg·g^-1 for 1 g maize residue addition. Compared with AS, soil inorganic N content in LS reduced by 16% with wheat residue addition, by 41% with maize residue addition. Compared with wheat residue addition, soil inorganic N content in AS and LS increased by 111% and 252% with maize residue addition, respectively. Compared with CK, both soil N₂O and CO₂ flux increased with wheat residue or maize residue addition, and the total accumulation of soil N₂O flux under N0 treatment increased by 70% and 47% with wheat residue and maize residue addition, by 346% and 154% for CO₂ accumulation, and by 53% and 71% for global warming potential, respectively. Compared with AS, soil N₂O flux in LS reduced by 38% and 61% with wheat residue and maize residue addition, by 12% and 51% for the accumulation of N₂O flux, and by 28% and 16% for the accumulation of CO₂ flux, respectively. And the global warming potential in LS increased by 13% with the wheat residue addition in comparison with that in AS, while declined by 44% with maize residue addition. Compared with wheat residue addition, the accumulation of soil N₂O flux with maize residue addition increased by 88% in AS, and by 6% in LS, and reduced by 21% and 6% for the accumulation of soil CO₂ flux in AS and LS, respectively. And the global warming potential with maize residue addition was 91% higher than that of wheat residue addition under the conditions of different N fertilizer rates and soil types. Compared with N0 and N2, soil N₂O flux and their global warming potential under N1 treatment reduced significantly with wheat residue or maize residue addition in LS. Compared with CK, soil invertase activity increased with wheat residue or maize residue addition in both AS and LS, while which declined for soil Catalase and O₂ content. Compared with wheat residue addition, soil urease activity, Catalase, and invertase activities declined with maize residue addition. Compared with AS, soil urease and catalase activities in LS reduced with wheat residue or maize residue addition, while soil O₂ content increased. The catalase activities and O₂ content was significantly and negatively related with soil N₂O flux. 【Conclusion】The decomposition of wheat residue and maize residue reduced soil inorganic N content while increasing soil N₂O flux. Soil inorganic N content and N₂O flux with maize residue addition were higher than that of wheat residue. Emissions of N₂O from Fluvo-aquic soil with wheat or maize residue addition was higher than that from Shajiang black soil. When combined with suitable N fertilizer rate, neither residues additions in Shajiang black soil increased N₂O flux and global warming potential. These results suggested that, in the field, comprehensive management methods by returning residue to soil should consider the residue type, soil type and rate of N fertilization.

Key words: crop residue, fluvo-aquic soil, Shajiang black soil, greenhouse gas, soil nitrogen mineralization, global warming potential

张学林, 吴梅, 何堂庆, 张晨曦, 田明慧, 李晓立, 侯小畔, 郝晓峰, 杨青华, 李潮海. 秸秆分解对两种类型土壤无机氮和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(4): 729-742.

ZHANG XueLin, WU Mei, HE TangQing, ZHANG ChenXi, TIAN MingHui, LI XiaoLi, HOU XiaoPan, HAO XiaoFeng, YANG QingHua, LI ChaoHai. Effects of Crop Residue Decomposition on Soil Inorganic Nitrogen and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fluvo-Aquic Soil and Shajiang Black Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(4): 729-742.

图/表 8

表1

图1

表2

秸秆类型、土壤类型和氮肥用量对土壤无机氮、温室气体排放和全球变暖潜力的影响"

	处理 Tr	硝态氮含量 NO₃^--N concentration (mg·kg^-1)		无机氮含量 INN concentration (mg·kg^-1)		180天N₂O排放累积量 Accumulation for N₂O flux in 180 d (kg·hm^-2)		180天CO₂ 排放累积量 Accumulation for CO₂ flux in 180 d (kg·hm^-2)		全球变暖潜力 Global warming potential (kg CO₂-e·hm^-2)
	处理 Tr	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS
小麦秸秆 Wheat residue	CK	51.25±1.84b	56.97±2.82b	59.76±1.53b	65.43±2.96b	0.47±0.04a	0.77±0.06a	8.21±0.72a	3.85±0.49a	149.53±12.47a	234.72±16.77a
	N0	42.02±6.32a	34.05±1.82a	50.20±6.85a	42.74±1.89a	0.61±0.06b	1.30±0.05c	21.62±1.04bc	13.07±0.77b	204.19±18.82b	399.86±14.29b
	N1	79.06±4.50c	59.37±3.64b	87.81±4.70c	68.60±4.60b	1.15±0.07c	1.21±0.05b	22.18±1.64c	15.13±1.13c	363.65±19.80c	375.43±15.24b
	N2	110.95±4.86d	96.41±6.51c	120.62±5.24d	107.08±6.36c	1.61±0.14d	1.41±0.06d	19.89±0.98b	16.65±1.13d	501.09±42.45d	437.34±18.13c
玉米秸秆 Maize residue	CK	130.27±3.75a	148.09±5.25a	142.25±4.46a	162.67±4.80a	1.01±0.05a	0.81±0.11a	7.10±1.19a	7.64±0.78a	306.97±15.71a	249.96±32.62a
	N0	116.96±4.98a	145.83±10.91a	130.58±4.63a	159.69±10.81a	1.38±0.07b	1.63±0.12b	20.06±1.33c	17.17±1.01c	430.74±22.78b	504.11±35.33b
	N1	170.85±5.59b	242.94±10.98b	183.38±5.34b	255.42±11.68b	1.88±0.08c	1.58±0.11b	17.14±0.43b	13.62±0.91b	576.79±23.25c	483.52±33.24b
	N2	220.95±21.26c	339.68±8.30c	231.72±22.80c	353.15±8.59c	5.72±0.08d	1.77±0.18b	17.84±0.80b	13.37±2.24b	1721.24±24.59d	540.82±55.87b
秸秆处理 Residue (R)		159.74***		3715.61***		157.98***		8.81**		1513.11***
土壤处理 Soil (S)		594.82***		156.19***		7024.73***		223.57***		346.75***
氮肥处理 Nitrogen (N)		296.75***		542.02***		10234.15***		360.45***		1200.99***
R×S		114.04***		276.89***		983.78***		32.78***		724.15***
R×N		23.66***		96.72***		411.09***		19.55***		367.45***
S×N		47.02***		22.61***		4895.21***		9.36***		595.95***
R×S×N		159.74***		42.38***		705.76***		7.59***		323.89***

表2

图2

图3

表3

秸秆类型、土壤类型和氮肥用量对秸秆可溶性糖含量、土壤酶活性和O2含量的影响"

	处理 Tr	秸秆可溶性糖 Residue soluble sugar (%)		脲酶 Soil urease (mg NH₄⁺-N·g^-1·24h^-1)		过氧化氢酶 Soil catalase (mg H₂O₂·g^-1·20min^-1)		蛋白酶 Soil protease (mg glycine·kg^-1·h^-1)		蔗糖酶 Soil invertase (mg glucose·g^-1·24h^-1)		土壤O₂含量 Soil O₂ content (%)
	处理 Tr	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS	潮土 AS	砂姜黑土 LS
小麦秸秆 Wheat residue	CK	-	-	1.53±0.02a	0.44±0.01a	1.19±0.02b	1.09±0.01b	13.13±0.65a	11.91±0.55	25.73±1.02a	25.35±0.94a	20.48±0.20b	23.63±0.68c
	N0	1.98±0.14	2.06±0.14	1.67±0.02c	0.55±0.01b	1.17±0.01a	1.08±0.01b	14.02±0.71ab	11.70±0.25	29.14±1.19b	34.08±2.26b	20.14±0.20ab	22.95±0.24bc
	N1	2.26±0.13	2.16±0.24	1.67±0.03c	0.53±0.03b	1.17±0.00a	1.08±0.01b	14.33±0.05b	12.08±0.20	29.89±1.43b	36.27±3.40b	20.02±0.21a	22.35±0.23b
	N2	1.97±0.14	2.11±0.06	1.60±0.03b	0.52±0.00b	1.17±0.01a	1.04±0.01a	15.47±0.24c	11.71±0.27	30.47±2.28b	33.53±1.81b	20.15±0.24ab	21.08±0.89a
玉米秸秆 Maize residue	CK	-	-	1.02±0.03	0.29±0.02	1.17±0.00c	0.99±0.01d	12.86±0.30c	12.75±0.17	7.95±0.37a	5.55±0.27a	21.08±0.04c	22.49±0.50b
	N0	3.37±0.21	3.05±0.11	1.02±0.04	0.28±0.03	1.16±0.00b	0.96±0.02c	13.11±0.20c	12.78±0.28	8.57±0.17ab	6.40±0.26b	20.64±0.03b	21.47±0.04a
	N1	3.05±0.23	2.90±0.16	1.03±0.02	0.27±0.01	1.16±0.00bc	0.91±0.00b	12.34±0.15b	12.69±0.21	9.22±0.14b	6.45±0.31b	20.54±0.10b	21.38±0.30a
	N2	2.86±0.11	2.90±0.11	1.00±0.06	0.25±0.03	1.12±0.01a	0.84±0.01a	11.84±0.15a	12.67±0.15	7.91±0.80a	5.93±0.35ab	20.20±0.29a	21.07±0.15a
秸秆处理 Residue (R)		430.17***		3685.63***		166.44***		13.45***		3924.52***		7.59**
土壤处理 Soil (S)		1.30		18148.06***		612.93***		95.38***		2.45		346.54***
氮肥处理 Nitrogen (N)		4.62*		17.83***		18.61***		1.14		25.87***		37.37***
R×S		3.74		683.12***		83.15***		130.59***		61.35***		55.5***
R×N		8.57***		19.63***		6.24***		10.99***		16.82***		1.39
S×N		2.45		2.16		5.36**		2.55		3.62*		10.54***
R×S×N		1.57		0.83		2.31		10.72***		4.19**		5.86**

表3

图4

表4

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项目 Item	土壤类型Soil type		秸秆类型 Residue type
项目 Item	潮土AS	砂姜黑土LS	小麦Wheat	玉米Maize
全碳TC (%)	7.3 ± 0.43	8.17 ± 0.96	448.13 ± 90.23	598.39 ± 39.48*
全氮TN (%)	3.18 ± 0.72	2.79 ± 0.18	6.19 ± 1.79	12.07 ± 0.29**
全磷TP (%)	3.88 ± 0.20	4.46 ± 0.81	-	-
C:N	2.45 ± 0.34	2.99 ± 0.54	74.66 ± 11.62*	49.60 ± 3.35
速效氮Available N (g·kg^-1)	0.08 ± 0.009	0.1 ± 0.003	-	-
速效磷Available P (g·kg^-1)	0.01 ± 0.001	0.02 ± 0.001	0.38 ± 0.06	0.34 ± 0.03
可溶性糖Soluble sugar (%)	-	-	3.34 ± 2.24	8.09 ± 0.23*
pH	7.78 ± 0.006*	6.81 ± 0.21	-	-
砂粒Sand (%)	5.65 ± 0.42	39.09 ± 4.6**	-	-
粉粒Silt (%)	56.38 ± 3.96**	21.35 ± 1.17	-	-
黏粒Clay (%)	37.93 ± 3.84	39.56 ± 5.07	-	-

排放累积量 (kg·hm^-2)	秸秆 Residue	土壤 Soil	CO₂flux (kg·hm^-2)	无机氮 Inorganic N (mg·kg^-1)	脲酶 Urease (mg NH₄-N· g^-1·24h^-1)	过氧化氢酶 Catalase (mg H₂O₂·g^-1· 20min^-1)	蛋白酶 Protease (mg glycine· kg^-1·h^-1)	蔗糖酶 Invertase (mg glucose· g^-1·24h^-1)	氧气含量 O₂ content (%)	秸秆可溶性糖 Residue soluble sugar (%)
N₂O flux	小麦 Wheat	AS	0.46	0.96**	0.18	-0.33	0.84**	0.62*	-0.36	0.03
	小麦 Wheat	LS	0.93^**	0.32	0.85**	-0.71**	-0.17	0.79**	-0.72**	-0.08
	玉米 Maize	AS	0.68^**	0.89**	-0.24	-0.97**	-0.83**	-0.31	-0.78**	-0.68*
	玉米 Maize	LS	0.39	0.59*	-0.26	-0.72**	0.01	0.58*	-0.81**	0.04
CO₂flux	小麦 Wheat	AS	-	0.26	0.89**	-0.73**	0.54*	0.69**	-0.69**	0.17
	小麦 Wheat	LS	-	0.29	0.85**	-0.69**	-0.13	0.81**	-0.69**	0.34
	玉米 Maize	AS	-	0.54*	-0.11	-0.66**	-0.45	0.13	-0.80**	-0.46
	玉米 Maize	LS	-	-0.34	0.28	0.18	0.09	0.47	-0.2	0.38