施磷水平对不同茬口下冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究施磷水平对不同茬口下冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响,探明小麦合理轮作制度和磷肥管理。【方法】于2018—2019和2019—2020连续两年在花生（PCR）、玉米（MCR）和花生‖玉米（ICR）茬口下种植冬小麦,分别设P₀（0 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）、P₉₀（90 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）、P₁₈₀（180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）和P₂₇₀（270 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）4个施磷水平,研究施磷水平对不同茬口下冬小麦分蘖及成穗率、灌浆速率、干物质积累与分配、产量及产量构成的影响。【结果】（1）同一茬口下,随着施磷量的增加,冬小麦单位面积最大分蘖数、有效分蘖数、干物质积累量和单穗干重均呈P₂₇₀>P₁₈₀>P₉₀>P₀处理;冬小麦穗粒数、干物质向籽粒中分配率和产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,P₁₈₀施磷水平下达到最大值。（2）不同茬口下,各施磷水平冬小麦单位面积最大分蘖数、有效分蘖数均表现为PCR>ICR>MCR;在不施磷（P₀）和低磷（P₉₀）水平时,花生茬口下的冬小麦各时期干物质量、产量均大于花生‖玉米茬口和玉米茬口,但在P₁₈₀、P₂₇₀施磷水平时,花生‖玉米茬口下的冬小麦各时期干物质量、产量则均大于花生茬口和玉米茬口。（3）结合施磷量与产量拟合曲线,花生茬口冬小麦最高产量为10 493.6 kg·hm^-2,最佳经济产量施磷量为177.0 kg·hm^-2;花生‖玉米茬口最高产量为10 749.8 kg·hm^-2,最佳经济产量施磷量为178.9 kg·hm^-2;玉米茬口最高产量为9 936.2 kg·hm^-2,最佳经济产量施磷量为189.3 kg·hm^-2。【结论】花生茬口及花生‖玉米茬口的冬小麦分蘖成穗、干物质积累与转移、籽粒灌浆和产量形成方面均优于玉米茬口,冬小麦产量潜力大,最佳经济产量施磷量低,为177.0—178.9 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 茬口, 施磷水平, 分蘖成穗率, 灌浆, 干物质积累, 产量, 小麦, 花生, 玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to explore the reasonable system of crops for rotation with wheat and its phosphorus (P) fertilizer management technology, the effects of P application levels on growth and yield of wheat under different crops for rotation were studied. 【Method】 From 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020, the winter wheat was planted under different crops for rotation of peanut (PCR), maize (MCR) and peanut intercropping maize (ICR), with different P application levels, including P₀(0 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2), P₉₀ (90 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2), P₁₈₀ (180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2) and P₂₇₀ (270 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2). Effects of P levels on tiller and effective spike rate, grain filling rate, dry matter accumulation and distribution ratio, and yield components of winter wheat were investigated. 【Result】 (1) Under the same crops for rotation, the maximum number of tillers per unit area, the number of effective tillers, dry matter accumulation and dry weight per spike of winter wheat were P₂₇₀>P₁₈₀>P₉₀>P₀ treatment with the increase of P application rate. But the grain number per spike, the distribution rate of dry matter to grain and yield of winter wheat increased at first and then decreased, and reached the maximum under P level of P₁₈₀. (2) Under different crops for rotation, the maximum number of tillers and effective tillers per unit area of winter wheat were PCR>ICR>MCR under different P levels. The dry matter weight and yield of winter wheat under PCR were higher than those under ICR and MCR with P₀ and P₉₀levels, but ICR under P₁₈₀ and P₂₇₀ levels, the dry matter quality and yield of winter wheat were higher than those under PCR and MCR. (3) According to the fitting curve of P application and yield, the highest yield of winter wheat was 10 493.6 kg·hm^-2, and the optimal economic yield of P level was 177.0 kg·hm^-2 under PCR. The highest yield of winter wheat was 10 749.8 kg·hm^-2, while the optimal economic yield of P level was 178.9 kg·hm^-2under ICR. The highest yield of winter wheat was 9 936.2 kg·hm^-2, and the optimal economic yield of P level was 189.3 kg·hm^-2under MCR. 【Conclusion】 The number of effective tillers, dry matter accumulation and transferring, grain filling and yield formation of winter wheat under crops for rotation of peanut or crops for rotation of maize intercropping peanut were better than those of under crops for rotation of maize. Compared with crops for rotation of maize, the yield potential of winter wheat in crops for rotation of peanut or maize intercropping peanut was higher, and the application amount of phosphorus in the optimal economic yield was lower, which was 177.0-178.9 kg·hm^-2.

Key words: crops for rotation, P levels, rate of effective tillers, grouting, dry matter accumulation, yield, wheat, peanut, maize

薛华龙,娄梦玉,李雪,王飞,郭彬彬,郭大勇,李海港,焦念元. 施磷水平对不同茬口下冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(17): 3712-3725.

XUE HuaLong,LOU MengYu,LI Xue,WANG Fei,GUO BinBin,GUO DaYong,LI HaiGang,JIAO NianYuan. Effects of Phosphorus Application Levels on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat Under Different Crops for Rotation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3712-3725.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.013

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年份 Year	磷水平 P level	最大分蘖数 Maximum tiller (×10⁴·hm^-2)			有效分蘖数 Available tiller (×10⁴·hm^-2)			分蘖成穗率 Percentage of available tillers (%)
年份 Year	磷水平 P level	PCR	MCR	ICR	PCR	MCR	ICR	PCR	MCR	ICR
2018-2019	P₀	511.11h	422.22	494.44h	305.56f	261.1f	288.89f	59.14a	61.08a	59.82a
	P₉₀	1533.33e	1383.33g	1466.67f	522.22e	494.44e	511.11e	34.05c	35.74c	34.84c
	P₁₈₀	1861.11b	1666.67d	1800.01bc	738.89bc	666.67d	722.22c	39.73b	40.03b	40.12b
	P₂₇₀	1988.89a	1797.78c	1927.78a	788.89a	716.67c	772.22ab	39.66b	39.84b	40.06b
2019-2020	P₀	478.33g	390.00h	441.67g	333.33f	273.33g	313.33f	69.68a	70.08a	70.94a
	P₉₀	1688.33d	1475.00f	1570.00e	640.67d	533.33e	600.00d	37.93c	36.16c	38.22c
	P₁₈₀	1856.67bc	1684.17d	1796.67c	793.33b	720.00c	780.00b	42.73b	42.75b	43.41b
	P₂₇₀	2031.67a	1898.33b	2023.33a	858.33a	793.33b	856.67a	42.24b	41.79b	42.32b

年份 Year	磷水平 P level	茬口 Crops for rotation	分配量Allocation (g·m^-2)				分配比率Distribution rate (%)
年份 Year	磷水平 P level	茬口 Crops for rotation	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	颖壳及穗轴 Glume and rachis	籽粒 Grain	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	颖壳及穗轴 Glume and rachis	籽粒 Grain
2018-2019	P₀	PCR	253.9g	79.8e	130.7e	301.6f	33.1d	10.4h	17.1a	39.4g
		MCR	199.8h	66.7e	86.1f	256.4g	32.8e	11.0g	14.1c	42.1d
		ICR	229.4gh	76.1e	119.1ef	305.1f	31.4h	10.4h	16.3b	41.8d
	P₉₀	PCR	714.57f	260.4d	252.8c	965.6d	32.6e	11.9cd	11.5f	44.0b
		MCR	686.8f	240.1d	245.1c	880.9e	33.5c	11.7ef	11.9e	42.9c
		ICR	728.5f	260.4d	263.8c	935.8d	33.4c	11.6f	12.1e	42.9c
	P₁₈₀	PCR	903.1d	333.7c	331.7ab	1238.6b	32.2f	11.9cd	11.8ef	44.1b
		MCR	842.6e	322.0c	313.7b	1164.5c	31.9g	12.2b	11.9e	44.1b
		ICR	952.8c	356.6b	360.2a	1341.8a	31.6h	11.8de	12.0e	44.6a
	P₂₇₀	PCR	1006.1b	362.1b	354.4ab	1229.2b	33.3cd	12.0c	14.0c	40.7e
		MCR	985.8bc	357.6b	370.2a	1124.8c	34.3a	12.4a	14.2c	39.1g
		ICR	1060.9a	387.2a	363.9a	1260.9b	33.9b	12.4a	13.6d	40.2f
2019-2020	P₀	PCR	350.3g	93.7h	188.6d	367.2g	35.1a	9.4g	18.9a	36.7h
		MCR	173.0h	56.0h	87.1f	192.7h	34.0bc	11.0f	17.1b	37.9g
		ICR	326.0g	100.7h	143.8e	363.6g	34.9ab	10.8f	15.4c	38.9ef
	P₉₀	PCR	878.0de	399.0ef	326.1b	1097.9d	32.2de	14.6cd	12.2g	41.0c
		MCR	782.3f	288.0g	277.3c	958.3f	33.9c	12.5e	12.0g	41.6b
		ICR	810.7ef	374.7f	338.9b	1016.8e	31.9de	14.7bc	13.3ef	40.0d
	P₁₈₀	PCR	902.3d	431.3cd	388.9a	1274.4b	30.1g	14.4cd	13.0f	42.5a
		MCR	877.0de	412.0de	339.8b	1164.7c	31.4ef	14.7bc	12.2g	41.7b
		ICR	970.7ab	444.0c	390.2a	1356.1a	30.7fg	14.0d	12.3g	42.9a
	P₂₇₀	PCR	1011.0ab	473.3ab	428.9a	1196.6c	32.5d	15.2b	13.8de	38.5f
		MCR	941.0cd	458.0bc	404.7a	1085.6d	32.6d	15.9a	14.0d	37.6g
		ICR	1040.3a	488.7a	430.9a	1271.2b	32.2de	15.1b	13.3ef	39.3e

年份 Year	磷水平 P level	茬口 Crops for rotation	干物质转移量 Dry matter transfer (g·m^-2)		干物质转移率 Dry matter transfer ratio (%)		对籽粒贡献率 Contribution rate to grain (%)
年份 Year	磷水平 P level	茬口 Crops for rotation	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf
2018-2019	P₀	PCR	101.2h	72.1g	28.9b	47.8a	33.6b	23.9b
		MCR	89.5	64.1g	30.9a	49.0a	34.9a	25.0a
		ICR	97.7	71.6g	28.8b	48.4a	32.0c	23.5b
	P₉₀	PCR	268.9a	133.4a	27.2cd	34.8b	29.4d	14.5c
		MCR	263.4b	127.6b	27.7c	35.6b	29.9d	14.4c
		ICR	259.2c	135.6a	26.2d	33.7c	28.6e	14.9c
	P₁₈₀	PCR	216.0e	115.2d	19.3e	25.6d	19.4f	10.3d
		MCR	199.2f	100.2f	19.1e	22.7e	19.8f	9.9d
		ICR	226.3d	119.0c	19.8e	26.3d	19.2f	10.1d
	P₂₇₀	PCR	130.2g	108.1e	11.4f	22.9f	12.5g	10.4d
		MCR	102.3h	98.4f	9.4g	21.5f	10.3h	9.9d
		ICR	132.5g	106.5e	11.1f	21.5f	12.4g	10.0d
2019-2020	P₀	PCR	121.4e	96.8h	26.8b	48.8a	33.0b	26.4b
		MCR	75.6f	58.6	30.4a	44.8b	35.6a	27.6a
		ICR	120.9e	92.1	27.1b	44.7b	33.2b	25.3c
	P₉₀	PCR	261.4a	145.a	24.5c	30.0c	25.6d	14.2e
		MCR	245.7a	134.1c	24.6c	30.9c	27.9c	15.2d
		ICR	247.2a	139.3b	23.8c	28.2d	24.8d	13.9e
	P₁₈₀	PCR	222.6b	125.6e	19.8de	25.7e	19.2f	10.9fg
		MCR	199.9c	117.5f	18.0e	23.7fg	18.4f	10.8fg
		ICR	245.4a	131.1d	20.9d	24.4f	20.8e	11.2f
	P₂₇₀	PCR	174.9d	113.2g	14.5f	23.0g	15.9g	10.2g
		MCR	168.5d	119.3f	15.1f	23.3g	15.5g	10.9fg
		ICR	174.1d	114.1g	14.3f	20.0h	15.5g	10.2g

年份 Year	施磷水平 P level	茬口 Crops for rotation	穗数 Spikes (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 The 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2018-2019	P₀	PCR	252.5d	35.3c	47.7d	2912.2f
		MCR	209.2e	27.2e	46.2e	2318.9g
		ICR	236.7de	30.6d	47.5d	2628.0fg
	P₉₀	PCR	587.7c	38.7b	52.1a	8962.6d
		MCR	576.7c	36.1c	52.1a	8330.8e
		ICR	577.5c	38.7b	51.9a	8856.9d
	P₁₈₀	PCR	692.5a	42.5a	50.6b	10257.5b
		MCR	641.7b	39.2b	50.4b	9663.3c
		ICR	676.7a	42.4a	52.4a	10755.3a
	P₂₇₀	PCR	708.3a	38.9b	49.3c	9058.0d
		MCR	689.2a	36.3bc	49.0c	8854.5d
		ICR	697.5a	39.1b	49.1c	9243.1d
2019-2020	P₀	PCR	340.2h	31.9f	44.3d	3449.5h
		MCR	280.3h	26.9g	39.8f	2670.9i
		ICR	320.3h	31.5f	43.0e	3392.2h
	P₉₀	PCR	706.7ef	34.0d	49.7a	8927.9e
		MCR	553.3g	33.1e	49.7a	7947.2g
		ICR	653.3f	33.8d	50.1a	8718.8f
	P₁₈₀	PCR	833.3bc	36.5b	48.8b	10104.5b
		MCR	753.3de	35.3c	48.7b	9429.8c
		ICR	880.0ab	37.2a	49.8a	10615.0a
	P₂₇₀	PCR	893.3ab	34.2d	47.2c	9549.9c
		MCR	806.7cd	33.7d	46.8c	9155.2d
		ICR	906.7a	34.9c	47.3c	10184.9b
磷水平 P levels			516.9**	56.0**	185.9**	2348.4**
茬口Crops for rotation			15.0**	11.3**	10.7**	46.0**
磷水平×茬口 P levels × Crops for rotation			0.5	2.0	5.3**	3.0*

茬口 Crops for rotation	产量与施磷量曲线方程 Equation of yield and phosphorus curve	最高产量 Maximum yield (kg·hm^-2)	最佳经济产量 Optimum economic yield (kg·hm^-2)	最高产量施磷量 Maximum yield phosphorus application (kg·hm^-2)	最佳经济产量施磷量 Optimum economic yield of phosphorus application (kg·hm^-2)	决定系数 Decision coefficient
PCR	y=-0.2156x²+78.862x+3282.1	10493.6	10487.7	182.9	177.0	R²=0.9867
MCR	y=-0.191x²+74.834x+2606.2	9936.2	9927.8	195.9	189.3	R²=0.9859
ICR	y=-0.2269x²+83.709x+3029.2	10749.8	10742.7	184.5	178.9	R²=0.9902