持续性秸秆还田配施化肥对油菜-水稻轮作周年氮磷径流损失的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.09.00

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究秸秆还田对巢湖地区油菜-水稻两熟制农田径流氮磷流失的影响,为源头控制巢湖流域面源污染提供科学依据。【方法】开展连续3年（2017—2019年）的田间小区实验,设置无秸秆+无施肥（CK）、常规施肥（F）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（SF）和秸秆还田+常规施肥减15%（SDF）4个处理。通过测定油菜-水稻轮作下农田地表径流中氮磷浓度和流失量,油菜水稻作物收获时土壤养分、作物氮磷养分吸收和产量,探讨秸秆还田对农田径流养分流失规律及土壤养分含量的影响。【结果】秸秆还田配施化肥降低了农田径流中氮的质量浓度,增加了磷的质量浓度。SF较F处理油菜和水稻季总氮（TN）平均质量浓度减少15.6%和26.0%,总磷（TP）增加12.5%和8.1%。SF、SDF处理降低了油菜-水稻轮作农田氮磷流失量。2017—2019年F处理的油菜和水稻径流TN、TP的流失量分别为11.9—26.7、1.3—2.8和15.6—27.0和0.8—2.0 kg·hm^-2,较F相比,SF处理的油菜和水稻季TN显著降低18.4%—29.7%和21.9%—28.1%,TP流失量则降低1.3%—4.0%和1.0%—6.6%。秸秆还田能够增加土壤有机质等养分含量,短期内均能够降低土壤pH值,与F相比,SF处理的油菜和水稻季有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、碱解氮平均含量增幅分别6.2%、8.4%、27.3%、19.5%、5.0%和7.0%、10.9%、17.7%、7.5%、5.1%。秸秆还田配施化肥能够提高作物地上部氮磷累积量。F处理的油菜和水稻地上部作物氮素、磷素累积量均值分别为105.0、20.4和134.3、36.7 kg·hm^-2,SF较F处理油菜和水稻季氮素累积量增加28.9%和7.8%,磷素增加12.1%和5.9%。秸秆还田提高了油菜-水稻轮作的周年产量,其中SF较F处理显著提高7.8%（2017年）和6.4%（2019年）。【结论】油菜-水稻轮作模式下秸秆还田配施化肥能够在保证作物产量的同时提高土壤养分含量,降低氮磷流失负荷。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 径流, 氮磷流失, 土壤养分, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】To explore the effects of straw returning on the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus in rape rice double cropping system in Chaohu Area, so as to provide scientific basis for source control of non-point source pollution in Chaohu Lake Basin. 【Method】Four treatments no straw + no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (F), straw returning + conventional fertilization (SF) and straw returning + conventional fertilization reduced by 15% (SDF) of field plot experiment were carried out for three consecutive years (2016-2019). By measuring the concentrations and losses of nitrogen, phosphorus in farmland surface runoff under rape rice rotation, soil nutrients and crop nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient absorption and yield during rape and rice harvest, the effects of straw returning on nutrient loss and soil nutrient content in farmland runoff were discussed. 【Result】The results showed that straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer decreased nitrogen concentration in farmland runoff and increased phosphorus concentration. In rape and rice season, compared with F treatment, the average mass concentration of total nitrogen (TN) decreased by 15.6% and 26.0%, total phosphorus (TP) increased by 12.5% and 8.0%. SF, SDF treatment reduced the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. In 2017-2019, the runoff loss of TN, TP of rape and rice season were 11.9-26.7 kg·hm^-2, 1.3-2.8 kg·hm^-2 and 15.6-27.0 kg·hm^-2, 0.8-2.0 kg·hm^-2 under F treatment. Compared with F, TN of SF treatment in rape and rice season were significantly decreased by 18.4%-29.7% and 21.9%-28.1%, TP loss decreased by 1.3%-4.0% and 1.0%-6.6%. Straw returning can increase soil organic matter and other nutrients, and reduce soil pH value in a short time. Compared with F, the average contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen under SF treatment were respectively increased by 6.2%, 8.4%, 27.3%, 19.5%, 5.0% in rape season and 7.0%, 10.9%, 17.7%, 7.5%, 5.1% in rice season. The results showed that straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer could improve the nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of crop aboveground. The nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of above ground crops of F treatment in rape and rice seasons were 105.0 kg·hm^-2, 20.4 kg·hm^-2 and 134.3 kg·hm^-2, 36.7 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Compared with F treatment, SF increased nitrogen accumulation by 28.9% and 7.8%, phosphorus accumulation by 12.1% and 5.9% in rape and rice season. Compared with F treatment, SF significantly increased the annual yield of rape rice rotation by 7.8% (2017) and 6.4% (2019). 【Conclusion】Under the rape rice rotation system, straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer can not only ensure crop yield, but also increase soil nutrient content and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss load.

Key words: straw returning, runoff, loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, soil nutrients, yield

靳玉婷,刘运峰,胡宏祥,穆静,高梦瑶,李先藩,薛中俊,龚静静. 持续性秸秆还田配施化肥对油菜-水稻轮作周年氮磷径流损失的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(9): 1937-1951.

JIN YuTing,LIU YunFeng,HU HongXiang,MU Jing,GAO MengYao,LI XianFan,XUE ZhongJun,GONG JingJing. Effects of Continuous Straw Returning with Chemical Fertilizer on Annual Runoff Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Rice-Rape Rotation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(9): 1937-1951.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I9/1937

图/表 11

表1

表2

表3

2017—2019年油菜-水稻作物养分累积量"

种植季度 Planting season	处理 Treatment	氮素累积量 Total N accumulation (kg·hm^-2)			磷素累积量 Total P accumulation (kg·hm^-2)
种植季度 Planting season	处理 Treatment	秸秆 Straw	籽粒 Grain	地上部 Aboveground	秸秆 Straw	籽粒 Grain	地上部Aboveground
2017 油菜 2017 Rape	CK	25.54±1.79c	43.46±1.79c	69.02±3.45b	2.02±0.48c	5.03±0.40b	6.59±0.70b
	F	52.93±2.76a	73.91±1.03a	102.21±25.04ab	5.59±0.10b	14.3±2.00a	19.89±2.11a
	SF	58.10±0.56a	77.45±6.63a	131.79±10.02a	7.69±0.81a	14.63±1.25a	22.32±0.44a
	SDF	43.51±1.10b	77.13±8.49a	120.63±7.39ab	5.93±0.03b	14.16±1.72a	20.08±1.75a
2017 水稻 2017 Rice	CK	46.22±0.23c	51.88±5.34b	98.1±5.42b	5.46±0.16b	20.41±1.34b	25.88±1.45c
	F	50.15±1.31ab	80.86±6.03a	131.02±6.85a	6.71±0.63a	29.28±2.33a	35.99±2.07ab
	SF	56.15±0.82a	82.06±2.32a	143.14±24.19a	6.89±0.21a	31.21±2.28a	38.1±2.09a
	SDF	52.40±1.40ab	84.38±2.74a	136.79±2.62a	6.58±0.05a	30.61±0.40ab	36.19±0.43a
2018 油菜 2018 Rape	CK	26.33±1.84c	44.82±1.85b	71.15±3.56b	2.06±0.49c	5.13±0.41b	6.73±0.72b
	F	54.57±2.85a	76.20±1.05a	105.37±25.81ab	5.70±0.11b	14.59±2.04a	20.29±2.15a
	SF	59.90±0.57a	79.85±6.83a	135.87±10.33a	7.84±0.83a	14.93±1.28a	22.77±0.45a
	SDF	44.85±1.13a	79.51±8.75a	124.37±7.62ab	6.05±0.03ab	14.45±1.76a	20.49±1.79a
2018 水稻 2018 Rice	CK	47.65±0.24c	53.49±5.51b	101.14±5.59c	5.57±0.16b	20.83±1.36b	26.4±1.48c
	F	53.83±1.35ab	82.49±6.22a	135.31±7.06b	6.85±0.64a	29.88±2.38a	36.73±2.11ab
	SF	56.85±0.84a	89.56±5.37a	146.41±5.07a	7.04±0.21a	31.84±2.33a	38.88±2.13a
	SDF	55.03±1.45a	88.71±2.82a	143.74±2.70ab	6.72±0.06ab	30.13±0.41ab	36.85±0.44ab
2019 油菜 2019 Rape	CK	26.86±1.88c	45.72±1.89b	72.58±3.63b	2.10±0.50c	5.38±0.43b	7.01±0.74c
	F	55.66±2.90a	77.72±1.08a	107.48±26.33ab	5.81±0.11b	15.32±2.15a	21.14±2.25ab
	SF	61.09±0.59a	81.44±6.97a	138.58±10.53a	8.00±0.85a	16.67±1.34a	23.67±0.49a
	SDF	45.75±1.15b	81.1±5.78a	126.85±7.77ab	6.17±0.03ab	15.17±1.85a	21.34±1.88ab
2019 水稻 2019 Rice	CK	50.03±0.25c	56.16±5.78b	106.2±5.87c	5.68±0.16b	21.25±1.39b	26.93±1.51c
	F	55.62±1.41ab	80.86±1.36a	136.48±2.12ab	6.99±0.65a	30.48±2.43a	37.46±2.16ab
	SF	60.74±0.88a	83.74±1.76a	144.48±2.15a	7.18±0.21a	32.48±2.38a	39.66±2.17a
	SDF	56.73±1.52ab	81.60±2.97a	138.33±2.84ab	6.85±0 06ab	30.65±0.42ab	37.5±0.45ab

表3

表4

图1

图2

图3

图4

表5

图5

表6

2017—2019年农田土壤养分含量及pH的动态变化"

种植季度 Planting season	处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	pH
2017油菜 2017 Rape	CK	24.64±1.46b	1.53±0.02d	0.42±0.02a	18.55±0.36b	158.38±0.88b	6.90±0.31a
	F	27.69±0.97a	1.72±0.04c	0.38±0.00a	22.22±1.37ab	162.76±1.75b	6.29±0.14ab
	SF	28.79±0.38a	1.92±0.01b	0.55±0.11a	24.52±3.30ab	171.50±1.01a	5.93±0.12b
	SDF	28.52±0.46a	1.81±0.01a	0.46±0.00a	25.76±0.86a	172.38±2.63a	6.20±0.15ab
2017水稻 2017 Rice	CK	25.42±0.09b	1.52±0.02b	0.36±0.01b	14.77±0.73b	144.78±0.82c	6.68±0.03a
	F	25.48±0.07b	1.55±0.01b	0.50±0.02ab	23.45±2.39a	148.63±0.47b	6.41±0.01b
	SF	26.83±0.43a	1.63±0.03b	0.54±0.06a	23.27±0.32a	154.82±0.42a	6.34±0.01c
	SDF	26.43±0.27ab	1.59±0.04ab	0.52±0.01a	22.53±0.35a	150.15±2.45b	6.32±0.00c
2018油菜 2018 Rape	CK	25.35±0.31c	1.50±0.05c	0.36±0.01d	22.42±0.74b	141.25±0.71d	7.24±0.02a
	F	26.96±0.33b	1.56±0.02bc	0.41±0.00c	24.06±0.28b	154.92±1.35c	6.53±0.13b
	SF	28.65±0.61a	1.65±0.02a	0.48±0.00a	29.25±1.31a	167.13±0.96a	5.55±0.09d
	SDF	28.19±0.11ab	1.61±0.01ab	0.46±0.00b	26.95±0.24a	160.18±0.65b	5.93±0.17c
2018水稻 2018 Rice	CK	26.87±0.57c	1.72±0.06b	0.40±0.00c	18.12±1.17c	142.33±1.68c	6.30±0.09a
	F	28.97±0.13b	1.86±0.10b	0.48±0.02b	21.28±0.70b	175.93±0.62b	5.73±0.03b
	SF	31.09±0.56a	2.24±0.18a	0.59±0.03a	24.99±0.48a	184.33±2.33a	5.53±0.06b
	SDF	29.06±0.27b	2.18±0.13a	0.55±0.01ab	23.19±0.17ab	181.65±4.55ab	5.72±0.07b
2019油菜 2019 Rape	CK	26.41±0.71b	1.67±0.08a	0.40±0.05b	22.54±1.95c	145.34±2.48a	6.98±0.06a
	F	27.16±0.36ab	1.70±0.05ba	0.51±0.01ab	30.82±0.28b	179.13±1.54b	5.96±0.20b
	SF	29.47±1.38a	1.84±0.11a	0.63±0.07a	38.33±1.31a	183.23±1.11b	5.93±0.29b
	SDF	28.31±0.00ab	1.85±0.09a	0.61±0.06a	31.24±2.15b	179.35±3.24a	6.61±0.13a
2019水稻 2019 Rice	CK	26.68±0.26c	1.63±0.04b	0.42±0.02c	18.51±0.76a	154.22±2.86b	6.52±0.09a
	F	28.81±0.29b	1.82±0.06a	0.54±0.02b	23.85±1.55a	173.71±3.12a	6.48±0.07ab
	SF	31.10±0.68a	1.91±0.03a	0.68±0.05a	25.47±3.23a	184.52±9.72a	6.23±0.07bc
	SDF	28.56±0.34b	1.82±0.06a	0.65±0.03b	23.99±0.71a	175.90±2.49a	6.01±0.01d

表6

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秸秆种类 Types of straw	全碳 Total C (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	氮 Nitrogen (kg·hm^-2)	磷 Phosphorus (kg·hm^-2)
油菜 Rape	403.40	6.65	0.67	17.58	42.60	4.56
水稻 Rice	427.59	7.83	0.79	21.80	53.76	6.41

作物类型Crop type	年份 Year	基肥Basal fertiliers	追肥1 Top dressed nitrogen 1	追肥2 Top dressed nitrogen 2
油菜季 Rice season	2017	2016/11/7	2017/1/12	2017/2/22
	2018	2017/11/8	2018/1/10	2018/2/19
	2019	2018/11/12	2019/1/14	2019/2/25
水稻季 Rice season	2017	2017/6/7	2017/6/20	2017/8/1
	2018	2018/6/8	2018/6/29	2018/8/5
	2019	2019/6/12	2019/6/24	2019/8/8

处理 Treatment	2017年产量 Yield in 2017 (t·hm^-2)			2018年产量Yield in 2018 (t·hm^-2)			2019年产量Yield in 2019 (t·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	油菜Rape	水稻Rice	周年Annual	油菜Rape	水稻Rice	周年Annual	油菜Rape	水稻Rice	周年Annual
CK	1.00±0.05b	6.48±0.25b	7.48±0.25c	1.17±0.05b	7.83±0.08b	9.00±0.12b	1.17±0.07c	7.94±0.09c	9.11±0.15c
F	2.86±0.14a	8.59±0.11a	11.44±0.07b	3.04±0.06a	10.4±0.03a	13.44±0.03a	3.07±0.05b	10.60±0.12b	13.67±0.08b
SF	2.96±0.11a	9.38±0.44a	12.33±0.42a	3.09±0.06a	10.69±0.23a	13.78±0.18a	3.25±0.03a	11.30±0.12a	14.55±0.12a
SDF	2.86±0.14a	8.47±0.13a	11.33±0.22b	2.98±0.05a	10.43±0.09a	13.46±0.09a	3.10±0.02b	10.96±0.17ab	14.05±0.18b

种植季度 Planting season	处理 Treatment	占总氮流失量比例 Proportion in TN loss (%)		占总磷流失量比例Proportion in TP loss (%)
种植季度 Planting season	处理 Treatment	NO₃^--N/TN	NH₄⁺-N/TN	TDP/TP
2017 油菜 2017 Rape	CK	7.89±0.33c	4.96±0.08c	38.13±1.06a
	F	18.24±0.88ab	6.24±0.27b	37.85±2.73a
	SF	20.57±0.54a	7.41±0.51a	35.96±4.03a
	SDF	17.04±1.37b	7.66±0.53a	37.37±3.62a
2017 水稻 2017 Rice	CK	10.08±0.87a	13.97±0.51b	47.95±1.56a
	F	12.31±1 17a	23.67±2.04a	50.37±1.34a
	SF	12.26±0.37a	26.21±1.57a	51.67±1.03a
	SDF	11.04±1.42a	22.62±1.73a	52.33±6.14a
2018 油菜 2018 Rape	CK	31.82±1.87a	5.69±0.19a	49.75±1.65b
	F	28.64±0.57a	5.85±0.98a	54.64±1.06a
	SF	29.71±0.51a	5.79±0.29a	54.32±0.79a
	SDF	32.12±0.21a	6.40±0.09a	53.64±0.20a
2018 水稻 2018 Rice	CK	15.15±1.97a	16.91±1.04b	50.48±1.57a
	F	10.61±0.80a	25.82±1.64a	52.30±1.13a
	SF	11.20±1.89a	31.35±2.13a	51.72±2.70a
	SDF	14.58±2.61a	16.47±1.82b	50.40±1.24a
2019 油菜 2019 Rape	CK	22.62±0.64b	9.32±0.50a	34.43±0.63b
	F	28.09±0.38a	9.36±0.33a	35.51±0.34a
	SF	29.72±0.85a	7.77±0.55b	35.28±0.75a
	SDF	31.34±2.49a	7.87±0.33b	34.89±0.29a
2019 水稻 2019 Rice	CK	12.05±1.35a	15.20±0.24c	40.18±1.76b
	F	9.68±0.15a	31.50±0.54a	40.98±0.15ab
	SF	9.88±0.79a	29.27±2.93a	44.05±0.95a
	SDF	10.15±0.35a	21.77±0.77b	41.28±0.77ab