不同栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季稻光氮利用效率及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】开展多个因素集成的高产高效栽培模式研究,为水稻产量与资源利用效率协同提高的栽培模式提供技术途径。【方法】在南方双季稻区,设置4种栽培模式,分别为不施肥模式（早、晚季基本苗62.5和50.0万/hm²,不施氮肥,CK）,当地农民模式（在N0模式的基础上早、晚季分别施纯氮150和165 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥为7:3,FM）,高产高效模式（在FM模式的基础上早、晚季基本苗增加1倍以上,早、晚季施氮量分别减少20%和增加27%,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥比5:3:2,锌肥作基肥施入,T1）、再高产高效模式（在T1模式的基础上早、晚稻基本苗增加20%以上,增施有机肥,晚季施氮量增加14%,基肥、蘖肥和穗肥比例为4:3:3,垄厢栽培,T2）,研究这些栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季稻光氮利用效率及产量形成的影响。【结果】T2处理的平均周年产量为15.1 t·hm^-2,显著高于T1和FM处理,与FM处理相比,T2处理的早籼稻和晚粳稻产量分别提高了13.3%和24.9%;与FM处理相比,T2处理显著增加了早籼稻和晚粳稻公顷穗数,使得群体颖花数显著提高。T1处理平均周年产量为13.3 t·hm^-2,高于FM处理,表现为晚粳稻产量平均提高了9.5%、早籼稻产量略有下降。早稻季,T2处理成熟期干物质为12.30 t·hm^-2,显著高于T1和FM处理,群体生长速率高于T1和FM处理,表现为移栽—齐穗期群体生长速率显著提高;晚稻季,T2处理成熟期干物质为17.96 t·hm^-2,显著高于T1和FM处理,齐穗—成熟期群体生长速率显著高于CK,高于T1处理,且2018年差异达到显著水平。与FM处理相比,T2处理的早、晚季辐射利用率分别为1.05和1.25 g·MJ^-1,分别显著提高了31.7%和63.4%;T2处理早、晚季的氮肥农学利用率（AE_N）分别为28.8、14.7 kg·kg^-1,分别显著提高了61.6%和31.9%。【结论】基于南方双季稻生态特点,以“定苗定氮”、垄厢增氧、其他措施增强灌浆活性为主集成了再高产高效栽培模式,实现了产量与光氮利用效率协同提高10%—20%的目标。

关键词: 双季稻, 早籼晚粳, 栽培模式, 产量, 光氮利用

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to find the technical pathway to improve both grain yield and resource use efficiency in rice production, this study compared high yield and high efficiency cultivation models integrated by various cultivation measures. 【Method】Four cultivation models were established in a double rice-cropping region in south China, i.e., nitrogen-free cultivation model (CK: 62.5 and 50.0×10⁴seedlings·hm^-2in early and late season, respectively; 0 kg N·hm^-2 in both early and late seasons), local farming cultivation model (FM: 62.5 and 50.0×10⁴seedlings·hm^-2in early and late season, respectively; 150 and 165 kg N·hm^-2 in early and late season, respectively, with 70% as basal fertilizer and 30% as tillering fertilizer in both seasons), high yield and high-efficiency cultivation model (T1: 135 and 112.5×10⁴ seedlings·hm^-2in early and late season, respectively; 120 and 210 kg N·hm^-2 in early and late season, respectively, with 50% as basal fertilizer, 30% as tillering fertilizer, and 20% as panicle fertilizer in both seasons; 5 kg Zn·hm^-2as basal fertilizer in both early and late seasons), and more high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation model (T2: 176 and 137.5×10⁴ seedlings·hm^-2in early and late season, respectively; 120 and 240 kg N·hm^-2 in early and late season, respectively, with 40% as basal fertilizer, 30% as tillering fertilizer, and 30% as panicle fertilizer in both seasons; 5 kg Zn·hm^-2 and 1.8 t·hm^-2 organic fertilizer as basal fertilizer in both early and late seasons; bed cultivation in both early and late seasons). Solar radiation and nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice were compared among these four cultivation models.【Result】 Average annual yield under T2 was 15.1 t·hm^-2, which was significantly higher than those under T1 and FM. Compared with FM, the yield of early indica rice and late japonica rice under T2 was increased by 13.3% and 24.9%, respectively. T2 significantly increased panicle number per unit land area and consequently spikelet number per unit land area for both early indica rice and late japonica rice. Average annual yield under T1 was 13.3 t·hm^-2, which was higher than that under FM. Compared with FM, the yield of late japonica rice was increased by 9.5% while the yield of early indica rice was slightly decreased under T1. In the early season, dry matter accumulation at maturity under T2 was 12.30 t·hm^-2, which was significantly higher than those under T1 and FM. The crop growth rate from transplanting to flowering was significantly higher under T2 than under T1 and FM. In the late season, dry matter accumulation at maturity under T2 was 17.96 t·hm^-2, which was significantly higher than those under T1 and FM. The crop growth rate from flowering to maturity was higher or significantly higher under T2 than under FM and T1. Solar radiation use efficiency under T2 in early season and late season was 1.05 and 1.25 g·MJ^-1, respectively, which was improved by 31.7% in the early season and 63.4% in the late season as compared to FM. Nitrogen agronomy use efficiency under T2 in early season and late season was 28.8 and 14.7 kg·kg^-1, respectively, which was enhanced by 61.6% in the early season and 31.9% in the late season as compared to FM. 【Conclusion】Based on ecological characteristics of double-cropped rice in south China, 10%-20% increases in rice yield as well as solar radiation and nitrogen use efficiency can be achieved by the adoption of T2 model which is integrated by increasing seedling number and reducing nitrogen rate, improving soil oxygen content by bed cultivation, and enhancing the activity of grain filling by other cultivation measures such as Zn fertilizer.

Key words: double rice, early indica and late japonica, cultivation model, yield, solar radiation/nitrogen use

郑华斌,李波,王慰亲,雷恩,唐启源. 不同栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季稻光氮利用效率及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1565-1578.

ZHENG HuaBin,LI Bo,WANG WeiQin,LEI En,TANG QiYuan. Effects of Different Cultivation Models on Solar Radiation-Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of “Early Indica-Late Japonica” Double Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1565-1578.

图/表 10

图1

表1

不同栽培模式的种植密度、氮肥运筹和其他措施"

栽培模式 Cultivation model	氮肥管理 Nitrogen application	种植密度 Planting density	其他措施 Other measures
早籼稻 Early indica rice
不施肥模式 No fertilizer model (CK)	0	基本苗62.5万/hm²,株行距20 cm×20 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 62.5×10⁴ hm^-2, spacing 20 cm×20 cm,2-3 seedling per hill	45 kg P·hm^-2,90 kg K·hm^-2
农民模式 Farmer’s practice model (FM)	150 kg N·hm^-2（7:3:0）	基本苗62.5万/hm²,株行距20 cm×20 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 62.5×10⁴ hm^-2, spacing 20 cm×20 cm,2-3 seedling per hill	30 kg P·hm^-2,60 kg K·hm^-2
高产高效模式 High yield and high efficiency model (T1)	120 kg N·hm^-2（5:3:2）	基本苗135万/hm²,株行距16.7 cm×20 cm,每穴4—5苗 Basic seedlings 135×10⁴ hm^-2, spacing 16.7 cm×20 cm, 4-5 seedling per hill	45 kg P·hm^-2、90 kg K·hm^-2（5:5）、硫酸锌5 kg·hm^-2 45 kg P·hm^-2, 90 kg K·hm^-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm^-2
再高产高效模式 Enhanced high yield and high efficiency model (T2)	120 kg N·hm^-2（4:3:3）	基本苗176万/hm²,垄厢,株行距13.3 cm×23.3 cm,每穴5—6苗 Basic seedlings 176×10⁴ hm^-2, bed cultivation, spacing 13.3 cm ×23.3 cm,5-6 seedling per hill	生物有机肥1.8 t·hm^-2,50 kg P·hm^-2、100 kg K·hm^-2（5:5）、硫酸锌5 kg·hm^-2 Bio-organic fertilizer 1.8 t·hm^-2, 50 kg P·hm^-2, 100 kg K·hm^-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm^-2
晚粳稻 Late japonica rice
不施肥模式 No Fertilizer model (CK)	0	基本苗50万/hm²,株行距20 cm×23.3 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 50×10⁴ hm^-2, spacing 20 cm×23.3 cm,2-3 seedling per hill	45 kg P·hm^-2和90 kg K·hm^-2
农民模式 Farmer’s practice model (FM)	165 kg N·hm^-2（7:3:0）	基本苗50万/hm²,株行距20 cm×23.3 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 50×10⁴ hm^-2, spacing 20 cm×23.3 cm,2-3 seedling per hill	30 kg P·hm^-2和60 kg K·hm^-2
高产高效模式 High yield and high efficiency model (T1)	210 kg N·hm^-2（5:3:2）	基本苗112.5万/hm²,株行距20 cm×20 cm,每穴4—5苗 Basic seedlings 112.5×10⁴ hm^-2, spacing 20 cm×23.3 cm,4-5 seedling per hill	45 kg P·hm^-2、90 kg K·hm^-2（5:5）、硫酸锌5 kg·hm^-2 45 kg P·hm^-2, 90 kg K·hm^-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm^-2
再高产高效模式 Enhanced high yield and high efficiency model (T2)	240 kg N·hm^-2（4:3:3）	基本苗137.5万/hm²,垄厢,株行距13.3 cm×30 cm,每穴5—6苗 Basic seedlings 137.5×10⁴ hm^-2, bed cultivation, spacing 13.3 cm×30 cm, 5-6 seedling per hill	生物有机肥1.8 t·hm^-2,50 kg P·hm^-2、100 kg K·hm^-2（5:5）、硫酸锌5 kg·hm^-2 Bio-organic fertilizer 1.8 t·hm^-2, 50 kg P·hm^-2, 100 kg K·hm^-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm^-2

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	品种 Cultivar	播种期 Sowing stage (M-D)	齐穗期 Flowering stage (M-D)	成熟期 Mature stage (M-D)
2017	CK	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-15	07-11
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-13	10-29
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-18	11-01
	FM	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-16	07-12
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-15	11-01
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-20	11-03
	T1	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-18	07-15
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-16	11-02
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-21	11-05
	T2	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-18	07-15
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-18	11-02
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-21	11-05
2018	CK	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-13	07-08
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-08	10-29
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-16	10-29
	FM	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-18	07-14
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-15	10-27
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-18	10-29
	T1	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-15	07-10
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-13	10-29
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-18	10-30
	T2	中早39 ZZ39	03-26	06-15	07-10
		甬优1540 YY1540	06-27	09-15	10-29
		甬优4949 YY4949	06-27	09-18	11-01

来源 Source	产量Grain yield
来源 Source	中早39 ZZ39	甬优1540 YY1540	甬优4949 YY4949
处理Treatment (T)	**	**	**
年份Year (Y)	**	ns	ns
T×Y	**	ns	ns
为差异极显著（P<0.01）;ns为差异不显著 , significance at 0.01 level; ns, no significance

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	年份 Year	公顷穗数 Panicle (×10⁴hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	公顷颖花数 Spikelets (×10⁴ hm^-2)	结实率 Filling ratio (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
中早39 ZZ39	CK	2017	146	107	15.6	84.2	23.1
		2018	130	135	17.6	88.9	24.7
		平均Mean	138±11D	121±20C	16.6±1.4C	86.5±3.4A	23.9±1.2B
	FM	2017	201	145	29.3	76.2	23.9
		2018	210	153	32.2	84.5	25.2
		平均Mean	206±6C	149±6A	30.7±2.0B	80.4±5.9B	24.5±1.0AB
	T1	2017	271	134	36.4	74.1	24.8
		2018	216	143	30.9	85.9	25.5
		平均Mean	244±38B	139±6AB	33.8±3.9B	80.0±8.3B	25.1±0.5A
	T2	2017	332	119	39.5	74	23.9
		2018	297	139	41.2	74.9	24.7
		平均Mean	315±25A	129±14BC	40.5±1.2A	74.4±0.7C	24.3±0.5AB
甬优1540 YY1540	CK	2017	126	229	28.8	85.4	20.7
		2018	186	188	35.0	85.4	20.7
		平均Mean	156±42D	209±29AB	32.5±4.4B	85.4±0.0A	20.7±0.0B
	FM	2017	156	248	38.7	71	22.9
		2018	224	202	45.3	79.3	22.3
		平均Mean	190±48C	225±32A	42.8±4.7A	75.1±5.9B	22.6±0.4A
	T1	2017	228	185	42.1	80.6	22.8
		2018	227	200	45.4	81.7	23.5
		平均Mean	227±1B	193±11B	43.8±2.3A	81.1±0.8AB	23.1±0.5A
	T2	2017	251	200	50.3	72	22
		2018	246	215	53.0	83.3	22.5
		平均Mean	249±4A	208±11AB	51.7±1.9A	77.7±8.0B	22.2±0.3A
甬优4949 YY4949	CK	2017	126	247	31.2	82.7	21.7
		2018	183	184	33.5	85.6	20.7
		平均Mean	154±40B	216±45A	33.3±1.6C	84.1±2.0A	21.2±0.7B
	FM	2017	154	235	36.1	82.9	21.9
		2018	202	232	46.8	81.2	22.9
		平均Mean	178±34B	233±2A	41.5±7.6B	82.0±1.2AB	22.4±0.7A
	T1	2017	225	220	49.5	77.6	19.3
		2018	249	205	51.1	83.1	22.6
		平均Mean	237±17A	212±10A	50.4±1.2A	80.4±3.9B	21.0±2.3B
	T2	2017	247	210	52.0	82.1	20.2
		2018	249	216	53.8	83.6	23.5
		平均Mean	248±1A	213±4A	52.9±1.2A	82.9±1.0A	21.8±2.3AB

处理 Treatment	年份 Year	干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		群体生长速率 Crop growth rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)		收获指数 HI
处理 Treatment	年份 Year	齐穗期 Flowering stage	成熟期 Mature stage	移栽-齐穗期Transplanting to flowering stage	齐穗-成熟期 Flowering to mature stage	收获指数 HI
CK	2017	3960	6190	73.3	85.9	0.48
	2018	2560	6230	52.2	110.0	0.60
	平均Mean	3260±990D	6210±20C	62.8±14.9C	97.9±17.1A	0.54±0.08B
FM	2017	7520	8950	136.8	54.8	0.53
	2018	6200	10280	114.9	175.3	0.56
	平均Mean	6860±930B	9610±940B	126.0±15.5B	115.0±85.2A	0.54±0.02B
T1	2017	6830	10910	119.8	151.2	0.55
	2018	5550	11280	108.9	171.7	0.62
	平均Mean	6190±900C	11090±260B	114.0±7.70B	161.5±14.5A	0.58±0.05A
T2	2017	8720	11770	153.0	113.1	0.53
	2018	7380	12820	144.8	217.5	0.59
	平均Mean	8050±940A	12300±740A	149.0±5.80A	165.3±73.9A	0.56±0.04AB

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	品种 Cultivar	干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation (kg·hm^-2)		群体生长速率 Crop growth rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)		收获指数 HI
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	品种 Cultivar	齐穗期 Flowering stage	成熟期 Mature stage	移栽-齐穗期 Transplanting to flowering stage	齐穗-成熟期 Flowering to mature stage	收获指数 HI
2017	CK	YY1540	6490	9080	129.8	56.3	0.52
		YY4949	6600	9840	120.1	73.6	0.56
		平均Mean	6550±80A	9460±540D	125.0±6.90A	65.0±12.2C	0.54±0.03A
	FM	YY1540	6200	11330	119.1	109.2	0.50
		YY4949	5820	11250	102.0	123.5	0.51
		平均Mean	6010±270A	11290±60C	110.6±12.1A	116.4±10.1B	0.51±0.01B
	T1	YY1540	5530	14250	104.3	189.6	0.49
		YY4949	6500	14270	112.1	172.5	0.47
		平均Mean	6020±690A	14260±10B	108.2±5.50A	181.1±12.1A	0.48±0.01B
	T2	YY1540	5480	15330	103.3	209.6	0.49
		YY4949	6180	15130	106.5	199.0	0.49
		平均Mean	5830±490A	15230±140A	104.9±2.30A	204.3±7.5A	0.49±0.00B
2018	CK	YY1540	5100	7470	108.6	42.2	0.54
		YY4949	5140	6810	9.88	29.1	0.54
		平均Mean	5120±30C	7140±470D	103.7±6.90D	35.7±9.3D	0.54±0.00A
	FM	YY1540	5660	9790	78.6	70.4	0.54
		YY4949	6190	9960	86.0	64.3	0.54
		平均Mean	5930±370C	9880±120C	82.3±5.20C	67.4±4.3C	0.54±0.00A
	T1	YY1540	7770	13490	149.5	97.4	0.53
		YY4949	8590	14650	156.3	103.1	0.52
		平均Mean	8180±580B	14070±820B	152.9±4.80B	100.3±4.0B	0.53±0.01B
	T2	YY1540	10070	20390	186.5	175.9	0.54
		YY4949	12570	20970	220.5	143.3	0.55
		平均Mean	11320±1770A	20680±410A	203.5±24.0A	159.6±23.1A	0.55±0.01A