中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (7): 1565-1578.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.019
• 栽培方式 • 上一篇
收稿日期:
2020-07-07
接受日期:
2020-11-23
出版日期:
2021-04-01
发布日期:
2021-04-22
通讯作者:
唐启源
作者简介:
郑华斌,E-mail:基金资助:
ZHENG HuaBin,LI Bo,WANG WeiQin,LEI En,TANG QiYuan()
Received:
2020-07-07
Accepted:
2020-11-23
Online:
2021-04-01
Published:
2021-04-22
Contact:
QiYuan TANG
摘要: 【目的】开展多个因素集成的高产高效栽培模式研究,为水稻产量与资源利用效率协同提高的栽培模式提供技术途径。【方法】在南方双季稻区,设置4种栽培模式,分别为不施肥模式(早、晚季基本苗62.5和50.0万/hm2,不施氮肥,CK),当地农民模式(在N0模式的基础上早、晚季分别施纯氮150和165 kg·hm-2,基肥:蘖肥为7:3,FM),高产高效模式(在FM模式的基础上早、晚季基本苗增加1倍以上,早、晚季施氮量分别减少20%和增加27%,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥比5:3:2,锌肥作基肥施入,T1)、再高产高效模式(在T1模式的基础上早、晚稻基本苗增加20%以上,增施有机肥,晚季施氮量增加14%,基肥、蘖肥和穗肥比例为4:3:3,垄厢栽培,T2),研究这些栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季稻光氮利用效率及产量形成的影响。【结果】T2处理的平均周年产量为15.1 t·hm-2,显著高于T1和FM处理,与FM处理相比,T2处理的早籼稻和晚粳稻产量分别提高了13.3%和24.9%;与FM处理相比,T2处理显著增加了早籼稻和晚粳稻公顷穗数,使得群体颖花数显著提高。T1处理平均周年产量为13.3 t·hm-2,高于FM处理,表现为晚粳稻产量平均提高了9.5%、早籼稻产量略有下降。早稻季,T2处理成熟期干物质为12.30 t·hm-2,显著高于T1和FM处理,群体生长速率高于T1和FM处理,表现为移栽—齐穗期群体生长速率显著提高;晚稻季,T2处理成熟期干物质为17.96 t·hm-2,显著高于T1和FM处理,齐穗—成熟期群体生长速率显著高于CK,高于T1处理,且2018年差异达到显著水平。与FM处理相比,T2处理的早、晚季辐射利用率分别为1.05和1.25 g·MJ-1,分别显著提高了31.7%和63.4%;T2处理早、晚季的氮肥农学利用率(AEN)分别为28.8、14.7 kg·kg-1,分别显著提高了61.6%和31.9%。【结论】 基于南方双季稻生态特点,以“定苗定氮”、垄厢增氧、其他措施增强灌浆活性为主集成了再高产高效栽培模式,实现了产量与光氮利用效率协同提高10%—20%的目标。
郑华斌,李波,王慰亲,雷恩,唐启源. 不同栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季稻光氮利用效率及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1565-1578.
ZHENG HuaBin,LI Bo,WANG WeiQin,LEI En,TANG QiYuan. Effects of Different Cultivation Models on Solar Radiation-Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of “Early Indica-Late Japonica” Double Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1565-1578.
表1
不同栽培模式的种植密度、氮肥运筹和其他措施"
栽培模式 Cultivation model | 氮肥管理 Nitrogen application | 种植密度 Planting density | 其他措施 Other measures |
---|---|---|---|
早籼稻 Early indica rice | |||
不施肥模式 No fertilizer model (CK) | 0 | 基本苗62.5万/hm2,株行距20 cm×20 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 62.5×104 hm-2, spacing 20 cm×20 cm,2-3 seedling per hill | 45 kg P·hm-2,90 kg K·hm-2 |
农民模式 Farmer’s practice model (FM) | 150 kg N·hm-2(7:3:0) | 基本苗62.5万/hm2,株行距20 cm×20 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 62.5×104 hm-2, spacing 20 cm×20 cm,2-3 seedling per hill | 30 kg P·hm-2,60 kg K·hm-2 |
高产高效模式 High yield and high efficiency model (T1) | 120 kg N·hm-2(5:3:2) | 基本苗135万/hm2,株行距16.7 cm×20 cm,每穴4—5苗 Basic seedlings 135×104 hm-2, spacing 16.7 cm×20 cm, 4-5 seedling per hill | 45 kg P·hm-2、90 kg K·hm-2(5:5)、硫酸锌5 kg·hm-2 45 kg P·hm-2, 90 kg K·hm-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm-2 |
再高产高效模式 Enhanced high yield and high efficiency model (T2) | 120 kg N·hm-2(4:3:3) | 基本苗176万/hm2,垄厢,株行距13.3 cm×23.3 cm,每穴5—6苗 Basic seedlings 176×104 hm-2, bed cultivation, spacing 13.3 cm ×23.3 cm,5-6 seedling per hill | 生物有机肥1.8 t·hm-2,50 kg P·hm-2、100 kg K·hm-2(5:5)、硫酸锌5 kg·hm-2 Bio-organic fertilizer 1.8 t·hm-2, 50 kg P·hm-2, 100 kg K·hm-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm-2 |
晚粳稻 Late japonica rice | |||
不施肥模式 No Fertilizer model (CK) | 0 | 基本苗50万/hm2,株行距20 cm×23.3 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 50×104 hm-2, spacing 20 cm×23.3 cm,2-3 seedling per hill | 45 kg P·hm-2和90 kg K·hm-2 |
农民模式 Farmer’s practice model (FM) | 165 kg N·hm-2(7:3:0) | 基本苗50万/hm2,株行距20 cm×23.3 cm,每穴2—3苗 Basic seedlings 50×104 hm-2, spacing 20 cm×23.3 cm,2-3 seedling per hill | 30 kg P·hm-2和60 kg K·hm-2 |
高产高效模式 High yield and high efficiency model (T1) | 210 kg N·hm-2(5:3:2) | 基本苗112.5万/hm2,株行距20 cm×20 cm,每穴4—5苗 Basic seedlings 112.5×104 hm-2, spacing 20 cm×23.3 cm,4-5 seedling per hill | 45 kg P·hm-2、90 kg K·hm-2(5:5)、硫酸锌5 kg·hm-2 45 kg P·hm-2, 90 kg K·hm-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm-2 |
再高产高效模式 Enhanced high yield and high efficiency model (T2) | 240 kg N·hm-2(4:3:3) | 基本苗137.5万/hm2,垄厢,株行距13.3 cm×30 cm,每穴5—6苗 Basic seedlings 137.5×104 hm-2, bed cultivation, spacing 13.3 cm×30 cm, 5-6 seedling per hill | 生物有机肥1.8 t·hm-2,50 kg P·hm-2、100 kg K·hm-2(5:5)、硫酸锌5 kg·hm-2 Bio-organic fertilizer 1.8 t·hm-2, 50 kg P·hm-2, 100 kg K·hm-2 (5:5), zinc sulfate 5 kg·hm-2 |
表2
不同栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季稻品种生育期的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 品种 Cultivar | 播种期 Sowing stage (M-D) | 齐穗期 Flowering stage (M-D) | 成熟期 Mature stage (M-D) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | CK | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-15 | 07-11 |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-13 | 10-29 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-18 | 11-01 | ||
FM | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-16 | 07-12 | |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-15 | 11-01 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-20 | 11-03 | ||
T1 | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-18 | 07-15 | |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-16 | 11-02 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-21 | 11-05 | ||
T2 | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-18 | 07-15 | |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-18 | 11-02 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-21 | 11-05 | ||
2018 | CK | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-13 | 07-08 |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-08 | 10-29 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-16 | 10-29 | ||
FM | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-18 | 07-14 | |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-15 | 10-27 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-18 | 10-29 | ||
T1 | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-15 | 07-10 | |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-13 | 10-29 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-18 | 10-30 | ||
T2 | 中早39 ZZ39 | 03-26 | 06-15 | 07-10 | |
甬优1540 YY1540 | 06-27 | 09-15 | 10-29 | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | 06-27 | 09-18 | 11-01 |
表4
不同栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季稻产量构成的影响"
品种 Variety | 处理 Treatment | 年份 Year | 公顷穗数 Panicle (×104 hm-2) | 每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle | 公顷颖花数 Spikelets (×104 hm-2) | 结实率 Filling ratio (%) | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
中早39 ZZ39 | CK | 2017 | 146 | 107 | 15.6 | 84.2 | 23.1 |
2018 | 130 | 135 | 17.6 | 88.9 | 24.7 | ||
平均Mean | 138±11D | 121±20C | 16.6±1.4C | 86.5±3.4A | 23.9±1.2B | ||
FM | 2017 | 201 | 145 | 29.3 | 76.2 | 23.9 | |
2018 | 210 | 153 | 32.2 | 84.5 | 25.2 | ||
平均Mean | 206±6C | 149±6A | 30.7±2.0B | 80.4±5.9B | 24.5±1.0AB | ||
T1 | 2017 | 271 | 134 | 36.4 | 74.1 | 24.8 | |
2018 | 216 | 143 | 30.9 | 85.9 | 25.5 | ||
平均Mean | 244±38B | 139±6AB | 33.8±3.9B | 80.0±8.3B | 25.1±0.5A | ||
T2 | 2017 | 332 | 119 | 39.5 | 74 | 23.9 | |
2018 | 297 | 139 | 41.2 | 74.9 | 24.7 | ||
平均Mean | 315±25A | 129±14BC | 40.5±1.2A | 74.4±0.7C | 24.3±0.5AB | ||
甬优1540 YY1540 | CK | 2017 | 126 | 229 | 28.8 | 85.4 | 20.7 |
2018 | 186 | 188 | 35.0 | 85.4 | 20.7 | ||
平均Mean | 156±42D | 209±29AB | 32.5±4.4B | 85.4±0.0A | 20.7±0.0B | ||
FM | 2017 | 156 | 248 | 38.7 | 71 | 22.9 | |
2018 | 224 | 202 | 45.3 | 79.3 | 22.3 | ||
平均Mean | 190±48C | 225±32A | 42.8±4.7A | 75.1±5.9B | 22.6±0.4A | ||
T1 | 2017 | 228 | 185 | 42.1 | 80.6 | 22.8 | |
2018 | 227 | 200 | 45.4 | 81.7 | 23.5 | ||
平均Mean | 227±1B | 193±11B | 43.8±2.3A | 81.1±0.8AB | 23.1±0.5A | ||
T2 | 2017 | 251 | 200 | 50.3 | 72 | 22 | |
2018 | 246 | 215 | 53.0 | 83.3 | 22.5 | ||
平均Mean | 249±4A | 208±11AB | 51.7±1.9A | 77.7±8.0B | 22.2±0.3A | ||
甬优4949 YY4949 | CK | 2017 | 126 | 247 | 31.2 | 82.7 | 21.7 |
2018 | 183 | 184 | 33.5 | 85.6 | 20.7 | ||
平均Mean | 154±40B | 216±45A | 33.3±1.6C | 84.1±2.0A | 21.2±0.7B | ||
FM | 2017 | 154 | 235 | 36.1 | 82.9 | 21.9 | |
2018 | 202 | 232 | 46.8 | 81.2 | 22.9 | ||
平均Mean | 178±34B | 233±2A | 41.5±7.6B | 82.0±1.2AB | 22.4±0.7A | ||
T1 | 2017 | 225 | 220 | 49.5 | 77.6 | 19.3 | |
2018 | 249 | 205 | 51.1 | 83.1 | 22.6 | ||
平均Mean | 237±17A | 212±10A | 50.4±1.2A | 80.4±3.9B | 21.0±2.3B | ||
T2 | 2017 | 247 | 210 | 52.0 | 82.1 | 20.2 | |
2018 | 249 | 216 | 53.8 | 83.6 | 23.5 | ||
平均Mean | 248±1A | 213±4A | 52.9±1.2A | 82.9±1.0A | 21.8±2.3AB |
表5
不同栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季早稻干物质积累、群体生长速率和收获指数的影响"
处理 Treatment | 年份 Year | 干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation (kg·hm-2) | 群体生长速率 Crop growth rate (kg·hm-2·d-1) | 收获指数 HI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
齐穗期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Mature stage | 移栽-齐穗期Transplanting to flowering stage | 齐穗-成熟期 Flowering to mature stage | |||
CK | 2017 | 3960 | 6190 | 73.3 | 85.9 | 0.48 |
2018 | 2560 | 6230 | 52.2 | 110.0 | 0.60 | |
平均Mean | 3260±990D | 6210±20C | 62.8±14.9C | 97.9±17.1A | 0.54±0.08B | |
FM | 2017 | 7520 | 8950 | 136.8 | 54.8 | 0.53 |
2018 | 6200 | 10280 | 114.9 | 175.3 | 0.56 | |
平均Mean | 6860±930B | 9610±940B | 126.0±15.5B | 115.0±85.2A | 0.54±0.02B | |
T1 | 2017 | 6830 | 10910 | 119.8 | 151.2 | 0.55 |
2018 | 5550 | 11280 | 108.9 | 171.7 | 0.62 | |
平均Mean | 6190±900C | 11090±260B | 114.0±7.70B | 161.5±14.5A | 0.58±0.05A | |
T2 | 2017 | 8720 | 11770 | 153.0 | 113.1 | 0.53 |
2018 | 7380 | 12820 | 144.8 | 217.5 | 0.59 | |
平均Mean | 8050±940A | 12300±740A | 149.0±5.80A | 165.3±73.9A | 0.56±0.04AB |
表6
不同栽培模式对“早籼晚粳”双季晚稻干物质积累、群体生长速率和收获指数的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 品种 Cultivar | 干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation (kg·hm-2) | 群体生长速率 Crop growth rate (kg·hm-2·d-1) | 收获指数 HI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
齐穗期 Flowering stage | 成熟期 Mature stage | 移栽-齐穗期 Transplanting to flowering stage | 齐穗-成熟期 Flowering to mature stage | ||||
2017 | CK | YY1540 | 6490 | 9080 | 129.8 | 56.3 | 0.52 |
YY4949 | 6600 | 9840 | 120.1 | 73.6 | 0.56 | ||
平均Mean | 6550±80A | 9460±540D | 125.0±6.90A | 65.0±12.2C | 0.54±0.03A | ||
FM | YY1540 | 6200 | 11330 | 119.1 | 109.2 | 0.50 | |
YY4949 | 5820 | 11250 | 102.0 | 123.5 | 0.51 | ||
平均Mean | 6010±270A | 11290±60C | 110.6±12.1A | 116.4±10.1B | 0.51±0.01B | ||
T1 | YY1540 | 5530 | 14250 | 104.3 | 189.6 | 0.49 | |
YY4949 | 6500 | 14270 | 112.1 | 172.5 | 0.47 | ||
平均Mean | 6020±690A | 14260±10B | 108.2±5.50A | 181.1±12.1A | 0.48±0.01B | ||
T2 | YY1540 | 5480 | 15330 | 103.3 | 209.6 | 0.49 | |
YY4949 | 6180 | 15130 | 106.5 | 199.0 | 0.49 | ||
平均Mean | 5830±490A | 15230±140A | 104.9±2.30A | 204.3±7.5A | 0.49±0.00B | ||
2018 | CK | YY1540 | 5100 | 7470 | 108.6 | 42.2 | 0.54 |
YY4949 | 5140 | 6810 | 9.88 | 29.1 | 0.54 | ||
平均Mean | 5120±30C | 7140±470D | 103.7±6.90D | 35.7±9.3D | 0.54±0.00A | ||
FM | YY1540 | 5660 | 9790 | 78.6 | 70.4 | 0.54 | |
YY4949 | 6190 | 9960 | 86.0 | 64.3 | 0.54 | ||
平均Mean | 5930±370C | 9880±120C | 82.3±5.20C | 67.4±4.3C | 0.54±0.00A | ||
T1 | YY1540 | 7770 | 13490 | 149.5 | 97.4 | 0.53 | |
YY4949 | 8590 | 14650 | 156.3 | 103.1 | 0.52 | ||
平均Mean | 8180±580B | 14070±820B | 152.9±4.80B | 100.3±4.0B | 0.53±0.01B | ||
T2 | YY1540 | 10070 | 20390 | 186.5 | 175.9 | 0.54 | |
YY4949 | 12570 | 20970 | 220.5 | 143.3 | 0.55 | ||
平均Mean | 11320±1770A | 20680±410A | 203.5±24.0A | 159.6±23.1A | 0.55±0.01A |
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