黄土高塬沟壑区植被恢复对沟头土壤团聚体特征及土壤可蚀性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.16.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】沟头是黄土高塬沟壑区发育最活跃的地貌部位,关系着整个塬坡沟系统的水土流失。探明黄土高塬沟壑区植被恢复对沟头土壤团聚体特征及土壤可蚀性的影响,为区域生态环境修复和水土保持效益评价提供科学依据。【方法】以仍进行耕作利用的农地沟头为对照,研究撂荒后自然恢复植被沟头不同土层（0—10、10—25、25—40 cm）土壤团聚体特征及土壤可蚀性随植被恢复年限（3—30 a）的变化。通过干筛法和湿筛法测定土壤团聚体组成,计算>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（WR_0.25）、平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）、团聚体破坏率（PAD）、团聚体分形维数（D）等团聚体特征值,测定土壤机械组成及有机质含量,计算土壤可蚀性因子（K）。【结果】（1）与农地沟头相比,恢复3—30 a植被沟头土壤WR_0.25、MWD、GMD分别增加11.49%—84.43%、0.18—2.05倍、7.53%—108.62%,三者随植被恢复年限的增加呈线性递增关系（P<0.01）,且均随土层深度增加而减小;（2）植被沟头土壤PAD、D随植被恢复年限增加以线性方式递减（P<0.01）,较农地沟头分别减小3.81%—32.14%、0.55%—6.63%,二者随土层深度增加而增大;（3）随着植被恢复年限增加沟头土壤可蚀性因子K以线性关系递减（P<0.01）,较农地沟头减小5.43%—14.44%,K随着土层深度增加而增大。【结论】植被恢复条件下有机质含量的提升对团聚体形成和稳定性起着重要的作用。沟头土壤可蚀性的减小与水稳性团聚体含量的增加、团聚体稳定性的提高密切相关,自然恢复条件下植被恢复22—30 a沟头土壤团聚体稳定性和抗蚀性能得到明显提升。

关键词: 团聚体, 土壤可蚀性, 植被恢复, 沟头, 黄土高塬沟壑区

Abstract:

【Objective】 Gully head was the most active geomorphic part in gully region of the Loess Plateau, which was related to the soil erosion of the entire slope gully system. This research aimed at evaluating the effects of vegetation restoration on soil aggregate characteristics and soil erodibility of gully heads in gully region of the Loess Plateau. The research results could provide a scientific basis for regional ecological environment restoration and soil and water conservation benefit evaluation. 【Method】 With the farmland as control check, an investigation about soil aggregate characteristics and soil erodibility of different soil layers (0-10, 10-25, 25-40 cm) with different natural vegetation restoration ages (0-30 a) of gully heads was carried out. The aggregates amount, water-stable aggregate content (WR_0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), destruction rate (PAD) and fractal dimension (D) were examined by dry and wet sieving methods. Soil mechanical composition and organic matter content were determined which were used for calculating soil erodibility factor K. 【Result】 (1) WR_0.25, MWD and GMD of vegetation gully heads increased by 11.49%- 84.43%, 0.18-2.05 times, and 7.53%-108.62%, respectively, compared with the CK (farmland of gully heads). These three indicators linear increased with vegetation restoration years increasing (P<0.01), and decreased with the increase of soil depth; (2) PAD and D of soil aggregate of vegetation gully heads decreased with linear increase of vegetation restoration time (P<0.01), which was 3.81%-32.14% and 0.55%-6.63% lower than that of CK, respectively. Both of them increased with the increase of soil layer; (3) K decreased linearly with the increase of vegetation restoration period (P<0.01), which was 5.43%-14.44% lower than that of CK, and K increased with the increase of soil depth.【Conclusion】The increase of organic matter content under vegetation restoration conditions played an important role in the formation and stability of aggregate. The decrease of soil erodibility of gully heads was closely related to the increase of water-stable aggregate content and stability of aggregate. Under natural recovery conditions, soil aggregate stability and soil anti-erodibility of gully heads were significantly improved during the restoration period of 22-30 a.

Key words: soil aggregate, soil erodibility, vegetation restoration, gully head, gully region of the Loess Plateau

王文鑫,王文龙,郭明明,王天超,康宏亮,杨波,赵满,陈卓鑫. 黄土高塬沟壑区植被恢复对沟头土壤团聚体特征及土壤可蚀性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(16): 2845-2857.

WANG WenXin,WANG WenLong,GUO MingMing,WANG TianChao,KANG HongLiang,YANG Bo,ZHAO Man,CHEN ZhuoXin. Effects of Natural Vegetation Restoration on Characteristics of Soil Aggregate and Soil Erodibility of Gully Heads in Gully Region of the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(16): 2845-2857.

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样地编号 Site code	恢复年限 Restoration age (a)	优势种群落 Dominant species	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Aspect	海拔 Altitude (m)	植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage (%)
CK	0	玉米 Zea mays	2	N66°E	1301	-
			2	S	1275	-
			3	N52°E	1358	-
NR3	3	猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia	2	S30°W	1360	45
			3	S30°E	1323	46
			4	S36°W	1351	44
NR8	8	冰草+铁杆蒿 Agropyron cristatum+Artemisia sacrorum	4	S41°W	1269	55
			5	S48°E	1303	55
			5	E	1271	58
NR15	15	铁杆蒿 Artemisia sacrorum	3	N62°E	1267	63
			4	N49°E	1272	64
			5	S	1289	61
NR22	22	铁杆蒿+白羊草 Artemisia sacrorum+Bothriochloa ischaemum	6	S43°E	1343	72
			6	S25°W	1278	76
			7	S	1302	78
NR30	30	白羊草 Bothriochloa ischaemum	3	E	1262	83
			4	S	1272	75
			5	S51°E	1265	76

样地编号 Site code	土层Soil layer (cm)	WR_0.25 (%)	MWD (mm)	GMD (mm)
CK	0—10	28.194±2.239Da	0.442±0.037Da	0.210±0.010Ea
	10—25	26.410±1.248Dab	0.374±0.014Cb	0.196±0.002Da
	25—40	22.910±0.304Db	0.311±0.005Dc	0.181±0.001Db
	0—40	25.838±2.653D	0.376±0.058E	0.196±0.013E
NR3	0—10	32.519±2.440Da	0.520±0.043Da	0.230±0.013DEa
	10—25	29.335±0.735Da	0.460±0.018Ca	0.213±0.004Da
	25—40	24.757±0.421Db	0.352±0.017Db	0.189±0.002Db
	0—40	28.870±3.518D	0.444±0.075E	0.211±0.019E
NR8	0—10	38.078±2.010Ca	0.674±0.060Ca	0.271±0.016Da
	10—25	35.183±1.727Ca	0.625±0.050Bab	0.255±0.013Cab
	25—40	30.944±0.983Cb	0.539±0.003Cb	0.230±0.003Cb
	0—40	34.735±3.353C	0.613±0.072D	0.252±0.021D
NR15	0—10	44.081±1.227Ca	0.784±0.012Ca	0.315±0.005Ca
	10—25	40.119±1.705Bb	0.694±0.037Bb	0.285±0.012Cb
	25—40	37.946±1.326Bb	0.651±0.028Bb	0.269±0.008Bb
	0—40	40.715±2.917B	0.710±0.062C	0.290±0.021C
NR22	0—10	48.641±2.158ABa	1.139±0.072Ba	0.412±0.024Ba
	10—25	46.441±2.370Aa	1.061±0.079Aab	0.382±0.023Ba
	25—40	39.771±1.237ABb	0.877±0.082Ab	0.316±0.021Ab
	0—40	44.951±4.261A	1.026±0.135B	0.370±0.046B
NR30	0—10	52.439±2.424Aa	1.312±0.064Aa	0.477±0.035Aa
	10—25	49.297±1.889Aa	1.168±0.081Aa	0.419±0.028Aa
	25—40	41.383±1.247Ab	0.952±0.053Ab	0.336±0.016Ab
	0—40	47.706±5.030A	1.144±0.162A	0.411±0.064A

样地编号 Site code	土层 Soil layer (cm)	黏粒含量CLA Clay content (%)	粉粒含量SIL Silt content (%)	砂粒含量SAN Sand content (%)	有机质含量SOM Soil organic matter content (%)
CK	0—10	17.95±0.38BCa	64.40±1.00ABb	17.66±0.75BCa	0.81±0.04Da
	10—25	16.44±0.45Cab	65.77±0.35Bab	17.78±0.70Aa	0.77±0.01Ea
	25—40	14.98±1.49Cb	66.76±1.06Ba	18.26±1.84Aa	0.56±0.05Ab
	0—40	16.46±1.52C	65.65±1.30C	17.90±1.24A	0.72±0.12F
NR3	0—10	20.11±1.73ABa	66.33±0.95ABab	13.56±0.94Ca	1.00±0.27Da
	10—25	19.70±0.99ABa	65.63±0.37Bb	14.67±0.62Ba	1.02±0.05Da
	25—40	18.05±0.50Ba	67.50±0.36Ba	14.46±0.80Ba	0.79±0.12Ba
	0—40	19.28±1.49B	66.49±0.99ABC	14.23±0.93CD	0.94±0.20E
NR8	0—10	17.93±0.45BCa	65.99±1.08ABa	16.08±0.91BCa	1.52±0.03Ca
	10—25	19.40±1.31Ba	66.83±0.51ABa	13.77±1.66BCa	1.21±0.03Cb
	25—40	18.62±0.21Ba	67.62±0.59Ba	13.76±0.54BCa	1.09±0.04Cc
	0—40	18.65±1.01B	66.81±1.02AB	14.54±1.58BC	1.27±0.19D
NR15	0—10	20.43±1.15Aa	63.91±0.49Bc	15.66±1.46BCa	1.76±0.10Ca
	10—25	21.96±0.38Aa	65.95±0.26Bb	12.09±0.32Cb	1.26±0.08Cb
	25—40	21.51±2.32Aa	67.26±0.63Ba	11.24±1.99CDb	1.15±0.04Cb
	0—40	21.30±1.64A	65.71±1.46BC	13.00±2.39D	1.39±0.28C
NR22	0—10	17.85±0.41Ca	66.52±0.98Ab	15.64±0.69BCa	2.20±0.11Ba
	10—25	19.59±1.99ABa	65.83±1.79Bb	14.58±1.12Ba	1.82±0.15Bb
	25—40	20.63±0.48ABa	69.97±0.56Aa	9.40±0.56Db	1.19±0.00Cc
	0—40	19.36±1.66B	67.44±2.19A	13.21±2.85CD	1.73±0.43B
NR30	0—10	14.05±0.81Dc	64.49±1.47ABb	21.46±2.23Aa	3.06±0.24Aa
	10—25	16.19±0.18Cb	67.90±0.59Aa	15.91±0.74ABb	2.09±0.11Ab
	25—40	21.65±1.06Aa	68.46±1.26ABa	9.89±0.22Dc	1.33±0.03Dc
	0—40	17.30±3.29C	66.96±2.11A	15.75±4.92B	2.16±0.72A

指标 Index	WR_0.25	MWD	GMD	PAD	D	CLA	SIL	SAN	SOM	K
WR_0.25	1
MWD	0.970^**	1
GMD	0.969^**	0.994^**	1
PAD	-0.907^**	-0.851^**	-0.873^**	1
D	-0.972^**	-0.999^**	-0.997^**	0.860^**	1
CLA	0.042	-0.078	-0.142	0.088	0.097	1
SIL	-0.050	0.055	-0.018	0.377	-0.030	0.252	1
SAN	-0.007	0.031	0.116	-0.254	-0.058	-0.876^**	-0.687^**	1
SOM	0.917^**	0.919^**	0.946^**	-0.903^**	-0.929^**	-0.278	-0.237	0.326	1
K	-0.961^**	-0.940^**	-0.933^**	0.838^**	0.940^**	-0.155	-0.041	0.137	-0.885^**	1